C: This is the transcription of Walter Ripman's "Classified Vocabulary". C: The transcription is based on the book-version (not available online). C: Title: "Classified Vocabulary", contained in: C: "A Handbook of the Latin Language – Being a Dictionary, Classified Vocabulary, and Grammar" C: Author: Walter Ripman C: C: This text was transcribed by Carolus Raeticus in 2011 C: Date of this version: 31 August 2011 C: This transcription may be freely used for whatever C: purposes (at your own risk). I would appreciate it C: if you would cite me, Carolus Raeticus, as the person C: having done the transcription. C: When creating your own versions, please include the date C: of the version of the transcription used (see above). C: C: Mark-up used in this file: C: C:...Comment lines C: ^^.....Latin lemma C: ++...Section heading C: **...Sub-section heading C: $$...Latin examples. C: []...Expanded text when abbreviation is used in book. C: "... ..."... Dividing line used in book. C: "..." xyz "..."...Sub-heading inside of sub-section. C: QV...Cross-references. C: ^ above vowels indicates macrons. C: C: It includes all changes made after 2 proof-reading runs. C: In Ripman's topical vocabulary there a few sections in which antonyms etc. are placed side by side - e.g. section 4.1. It is rather difficult to represent this using this mark-up language. I have opted for grouping the antonyms as a whole after the group of words (but inside the (sub-)section they belong to). C: Just in case the fact that an entry is part of such a side-by-side grouping, some of the entries on the right-side (= antonyms) are prefixed with a "<" (not included in all cases, so best ignore it). C: Unclear passages in the original are marked as "???" C: The "y" in "gyrus" in section 12.1 and the "y" in "peristylum" ought to have a macron above it. C: C: Changes applied by transcriber (based on the dictionary by Ripman) C: 1.5 - dźniquź -> dźnique C: 3.3 - finis -> fīnis C: 3.6 - mortālitas -> mortālitās C: 5.1 - adāctīō -> adāctiō C: 5.3 - ("out") -> źdere, źmittere -> second meaning omitted as unclear what Mr. Ripman meant ("et out") C: 5.8 - in contrāriās partes -> in contrāriās partźs C: 6.1 - quosque? -> quoūsque? C: 6.3 - religāre, bind back, back -> religāre, bind back, bind C: 8 - agrī cūltura -> agrī cultūra C: 10 - crīnīs -> crīnis C: 13.2 - fidibus dīscere -> fidibus discere C: 14.2 - āmīttere -> āmittere C: 14.2 - operire -> operīre C: 14.3 - nitens -> nitźns C: 22.2 - pālmōsus -> palmōsus C: 22.6 - lens -> lźns C: 30.7 - optimī cīves -> optimī cīvźs C: 30.8 - de vectīgālibus eximere -> dź vectīgālibus eximere C: 32.1 - sortītīō -> sortītiō C: 32.2 - sestertium -> sźstertium C: 33.5 - frūctus industriae perdere -> frūctūs industriae perdere C: 33.7 - vźnīre -> venīre C: 36 - instrūmentum -> īnstrūmentum C: 37.1 - armātūras -> armātūrae C: 37.1 - accźnsi -> accźnsī C: 37.7 - mūrās (cunīculō) subruere -> mūrōs (cunīculō) subruere C: 37.7 - custōdia -> cūstōdia C: 38.7 - sensus commūnis -> sźnsus commūnis C: 38.8 - crudźlitātem exercźre -> crūdźlitātem exercźre C: 47.6 - s. sūmere dź Acpn -> s. sūmere dź Abpn. C: +1-3 TIME+ *1.1 time* ^tempus,^ time; $t.[empus] dūcere, agere, dźgere$, spend time; $t.[empus] terere$, waste, lose time; $t.[empus] (annus, diźs) intercźdit$, intervenes, passes ^aeternus,^ eternal, everlasting; /noun/ ^aeternitās^ ^sempiternus, perennis,^ perpetual, enduring; /noun/ ^perennitās^ ^perpetuus,^ continuous, permanent; /noun/ ^perpetuitās^; /verb/ ^perpetuāre,^ continue without stopping ^aevum,^ period, age ^aetās,^ age, lifetime ^saeculum,^ age, lifetime, generation, century; $duōbus saeculīs ante$, 200 years before; $aliquot saeculīs post$, some centuries later ... ... ^compositiō annī,^ calendar ... year ... ^annus,^ year; $integer a.[nnus]$, complete y.[ear]; $annō interiectō$, after a y.[ear]; $annō vertente$, in the course of a year; $intrā trźs annōs$, within three y.[ears]; $multīs post annīs$ /or/ $multīs annīs post$, after many y.[ears]; $priōre annō$, in the previous y.[ear]; $superior annus$, the previous y.[ear] ^annuus,^ lasting a year, yearly ^anniversārius,^ yearly ^annōtinus,^ last year's ^perennis,^ lasting a year ^quotannīs,^ yearly, annually ^biennium,^ space of two years; ^triennium,^ do. of three; ^quadriennium,^ do. of four; ^quīnquennium,^ do. of five ^lūstrum,^ period of five years ^mźnsis,^ month; /adj./ ^mźnstruus^ ^bimźnstris,^ lasting two months ... ... ^quandō?^ when ^cum, quandō, ubi, ut, quō tempore,^ when ^simulac,^ as soon as ^quamdiū? quātenus?^ how long? ^quamdiū,^ as long as ^dum,^ whilst ^intereā, interim,^ meanwhile ^simul,^ at the same time ... ... ^spatium,^ space of time; $s.[patium] nancīscī$, gain time ^tempus breve,^ short time ^pūnctum temporis,^ moment ^mōmentō temporis,^ at the decisive moment QV: seasons, 11.1 ... day ... ^diźs,^ day; $in diźs singulōs$, daily; $diem dīcendō eximere$, spend the day in talking; $diem sūmere ad /Actg/$, choose a day for; /adj./ ^diurnus,^ by d.[ay] ^lūce, lūcī, interdiū,^ by day, in the daytime ^bīduum,^ space of two days; ^trīduum,^ of three; ^quadrīduum,^ of four; $trīduō intermissō$, after an interval of three days; ^hebdomas,^ seven days ^hōra,^ hour ^hōrae,^ clock; ^sōlārium,^ sundial, clock ^antelūcānus,^ before dawn ^dīlūcźscere, illūcźscere,^ dawn; /noun/ ^dīlūculum^ ^lūcet, lūcźscit,^ it is dawning ^prīmā lūce, ortō sōle, lūce ortā,^ at dawn, sunrise ^māne,^ morning; /adj./ ^mātūtīnus^ ^ante merīdiem,^ in the forenoon; /adj./ ^antemerīdiānus; merīdiźs,^ noon; ^post merīdiem, dź merīdiź,^ in the afternoon; /adj./ ^postmerīdiānus^ ^crepusculum,^ dusk ^vesper, vespera,^ evening; $prīmō vespere$ /or/ $prīmā vesperī \[hōrā\]$, in first evening hour; /adv./ ^vesperī; pervesperī,^ very late in the evening; /adj./ ^vespertīnus;^ /verb/ ^vesperāscere^ ^sōlis occāsū,^ at sunset ^prīma fax,^ early torchlight (just after dark) ^nox,^ night; $sub noctem$, towards nightfall; $prīmā nocte$, at nightfall, early in the night; $nocte intermissā$, n.[ight] having meanwhile fallen; $mediā nocte$, at midnight; $proximā nocte$, last n.[ight]; $multā nocte$, late at n.[ight]; $ad multam noctem$, far into n.[ight]; /adv./ ^noctū;^ /adj./ ^nocturnus,^ by n.[ight]; ^pernoctāre,^ spend the n.[ight]; ^vigilia,^ quarter of the n.[ight] (about three hours); $prīma, secunda, tertia, quarta v.[igilia]$ ^sźrus,^ late, too late; /adv./ ^sźrō,^ too late ^hīs paucīs diźbus,^ a few days ago ^nudiūs tertius,^ the day before yesterday ^herī,^ yesterday; /adj./ ^hesternus^ ^hodiź,^ to-day; /adj./ ^hodiernus^ ^crās,^ to-morrow; /adj./ ^crāstinus^ ^diźs crāstinus,^ the morrow (in the future); ^diź posterō,^ on the morrow (of a past date) ^perendiź,^ on the day after to-morrow; /adj./ ^perendinus^ ^diźs superior,^ the previous day ^prīdiź,^ on the day before ^postrīdie, posterō diź,^ on the day after, on the next day ^post diem quīntum,^ after five days ^cottīdiź,^ /adv./ daily; /adj./ ^cottīdiānus^ *1.2 before and after* ^ante^ (/prep. with Ac, adv./); /adv./ ^anteā, antehāc;^ /conj./ ^antequam, priusquam,^ before ^prior,^ former, previous; /adv./ ^prius,^ before, sooner, previously ^tempus prius^ or ^superius,^ former days; ^superiōribus temporibus,^ in earlier times ^praeteritus,^ past; ^praeterita, praeteritum tempus,^ the past ^prope est^ /or/ ^in eō est ut^ /subj./, ... is on the point of happening. ^post^ (/prep. with Ac, adv./), after, afterwards; /adv./ ^posteā, posthāc,^ afterwards, hereafter; ^postquam,^ after ^haud ita multō post, posteā aliquantō, brevī posteā, nōn multō posteā,^ a little later ^posthāc,^ hereafter, henceforth ^posterus,^ later, next, future ^posteritās,^ the future ^posterior,^ latter, later; /adv./ ^posterius^ ^subinde,^ just after, then ^aliquot post diźbus,^ some days after ^ex intervāllō,^ after some time ^futūrus,^ future ^reliquum tempus,^ the future ^porrō,^ in future ^praesentīre,^ have a presentiment, foresee; /noun/ ^praesźnsiō;^ ^praevidźre, prōspicere, prōvidźre,^ foresee; /noun/ ^prōvīsiō^ ^antecźdere,^ go before, precede; /noun/ ^antecessiō^ ^anticipāre, praecipere, praecurrere,^ anticipate; /noun/ ^anticipātiō^ *1.3 first and last* ^prīmus,^ first; /adv./ ^prīmō,^ at first, ^prīmum,^ firstly ^postrźmus, suprźmus, novissimus,^ last ^postrźmō,^ lastly; ^postrźmum, suprźmum,^ for the last time ^(ad) extrźmum,^ at last, finally ^ultima tempora,^ earliest or latest times QV: beginning and end, 3.1, 3.3 *1.4 always...never* ^quotiźns,^ how often; ^totiźns,^ so often ^semper, numquam nōn, perpetuō,^ always, constantly ^plźrumque, ferź,^ generally, usually; $quod ferź fit$, as generally happens ^vulgō,^ generally, commonly ^saepe, persaepe,^ often; ^saepissimź, saepenumerō^ repeatedly, again and again ^crźbrō,^ often (of a regular sequence) ^trītus,^ common, commonplace, hackneyed ^nōnnumquam,^ sometimes (fairly often) ^interdum, quondam, subinde, identidem,^ occasionally, now and then, repeatedly ^aliquandō,^ on certain occasions, sometimes (not often) ^rārō,^ rarely ^singulāris,^ rare, remarkable ^semel et saepius, plūs quam semel,^ more than once ^semel,^ once ^umquam,^ ever; ^numquam,^ never; ^nec umquam,^ and never QV: custom, usual, unusual 49.1 *1.5 already, still, not yet, at length* ^iam,^ by this time; ^iam nunc, iam tum,^ already ^iamdūdum, iamprīdem,^ this long while ^etiam, etiam tunc^ /or/ ^nunc, adhūc,^ still ^nōndum, neque adhūc,^ not yet ^dźmum, aliquandō,^ at last; ^dźnique,^ at last, in short ^tandem,^ at length *1.6 formerly, now, then* ^prīdem,^ long ago, of old, formerly ^aliquandō,^ at some time (past, present or future) ^quondam,^ once (past only, usually during some space of time) ^ōlim,^ formerly, a long time ago, once (past or future) ^abhinc quattuor annōs,^ four years ago; $a.[bhinc] tribus diźbus$, three days ago ^mātūrź,^ early, in good time; ^mātūrius,^ earlier ^nūper, nōn^ (/or/ ^haud^) ^prīdem^ (/or/ ^ita prīdem^), lately, recently ^paulō ante,^ but lately ^dūdum,^ a little while ago ^ad hōc tempus,^ until now ^nunc, iam, in praesentiā,^ now ^tempus praesźns,^ present time; ^in (tempus) praesźns,^ for the present ^commodum,^ just in time, at the very moment ^īnstāns,^ present; ^īnstantia^ (/P/), the present situation ^hīs temporibus, nostrā aetāte,^ in our time, in modern times, nowadays ^īlicō, extemplō, prōtinus, statim, continuō, cōnfestim, sine morā, ź vestīgiō,^ immediately, then and there, forthwith ^mox, brevī, mātūrź,^ soon, presently ^propediem,^ very soon ^quam prīmum,^ as soon as possible ^ante tempus,^ too soon ^deinde, inde, exinde, tum, tunc,^ then ^eā tempestāte, tum temporis, id temporis,^ at that time ^tum dźmum,^ then and then only ^aliquandō,^ hereafter *1.7 delay; until* ^mora,^ delay; $trīduī morā interpositā$, after a delay of three days; $nūllam moram interpōnere quīn$ /subj./, not lose a moment in; ^morāri, cūnctārī, tardāre, retardāre, distinźre,^ make slow, delay, defer; /noun/ ^cūnctātiō;^ ^morātor, cūnctātor,^ one who delays, ^mūginārī,^ hesitate, delay ^differre,^ postpone; /noun/ ^dīlātiō^ ^prōcrāstināre, prōtrūdere, sustentāre,^ put off, delay; /nouns/ ^prōcrāstinātiō, sustentātiō^ ^prōdūcere, propāgāre, prōrogāre, rźicere,^ protract, prolong; /nouns/ ^prōductiō, propāgātiō, prōrogātiō^ ^dubitāre,^ delay (/intrans./); /noun/ ^dubitātiō^ ^dōnec, quoad,^ until ^ūsque ad,^ until ^ad hunc ūsque diem,^ up to this day ^adhūc,^ thus far, hitherto ^quoūsque (tandem),^ how much longer *1.8 again* ^rūrsus,^ again ^iterum,^ for the second time ^dźnuō,^ afresh, once more ^integrāre,^ renew ^iterāre, duplicāre, repetere,^ repeat; /nouns/ ^iterātiō, repetītiō^ ^iterum atque iterum, semel iterumque, semel atque iterum,^ repeatedly ^frequźns,^ repeated; ^frequentāre,^ do again, repeatedly ^etiam atque etiam,^ again and again ^retractāre,^ take up again ^non posteā^ /or/ ^posthāc,^ not again *2.1 gradually, suddenly* ^paulātim, sźnsim, pedetemptim, gradātim,^ little by little, by degrees ^repente, subitō,^ suddenly; /adj./ ^repentīnus,^ sudden, unexpected ^dźsubitō,^ quite suddenly *2.2 for a long or short time* ^in omne tempus,^ for ever ^diū,^ long; /comp./ ^diūtius,^ /superl./ ^diūtissimź;^ ^diūtinus, diūturnus,^ lasting, long, prolonged ^iamprīdem, iamdūdum,^ now for a long time ^longus, longinquus,^ tedious ^aliquamdiū, aliquantum temporis,^ for some time ^paulisper,^ for a little time ^parumper,^ for a little while, for a moment *2.3 fast* ^celer,^ swift; /adv./ ^celeriter;^ /noun/ ^celeritās^ ^vźlōx,^ swift; /adv./ ^vźlōciter;^ /noun/ ^vźlōcitās^ ^pernīx,^ swift; /noun/ ^pernīcitās^ ^rapidus, citus,^ quick; /noun/ ^rapiditās;^ /adv./ ^cito^ ^volucer,^ swift, fleeting ^cursim, raptim,^ quickly ^praeceps,^ headlong, hasty ... slow ... ^tardus,^ slow; /noun/ ^tarditās^ ^lentus,^ slow, lingering, sluggish QV: make slow, delay, 1.7 ... ... ^accelerāre, festīnāre, properāre,^ hasten, make haste; $properātō opus est$, there is need of haste; /nouns/ ^festīnātiō, properātiō;^ /adv./ ^festīnātō^ *2.4 old and young* ^senex^ (/usually noun/) old; old man; /comp./ ^senior,^ older; /noun/ ^senectūs,^ old age; /adj./ ^senīlis^ ^nātū grandis,^ old; ^māior, māximus^ (/with or without/ ^annīs^ /or/ ^nātū^), older, oldest ^quot annōs nātus es?^ how old are you?; $annōs XXX nātus sum$ /or/ $vīxī$ ^aequālis,^ of the same age ^iuvenis^ (/usually noun/), youthful; one in prime of life; /comp./ ^iūnior,^ younger; /noun/ ^iuventūs,^ youth ^nātū^ (/or/ ^annīs^) ^minor, minimus,^ younger, youngest ^parvus,^ young, e.g. $parvī līberī$ QV: ages of man, 24.2 *2.5 old and new* ^vetus,^ old (still existing); /comp./ ^vetustior;^ /noun/ ^vetustās;^ /verb/ ^inveterāscere,^ grow old ^antīquus, vetustus,^ old (no longer existing), ancient; ^antīquitus^ (/adv./), in /or/ from ancient times; /noun/ ^antīquitās;^ $ultima a.[ntīquitās]$, extreme antiquity ^obsolźscere,^ grow old ^prīscus,^ primitive, olden, old-fashioned ^prīstinus,^ primitive, original ^novus,^ new; $quid novī$ what news? /noun/ ^novitās^ ^recźns,^ fresh, recent ^novāre, renovāre, reficere, restituere, redintegrāre, īnstaurāre,^ make new, restore; /nouns/ ^renovātiō, restitūtiō, īnstaurātiō^ ^dź, ab^ /or/ ^ex integrō,^ anew *2.6 opportunity, occasion* ^occāsiō, facultās, potestās,^ opportunity; $occāsiōnem$ /or/ $facultātem$ /or/ $potestātem dare$, /or/ $potestātem facere$, /G gerund,/ give an o.[pportunity] ^locum^ /or/ ^cōpiam dare^ /G gerund or/ ^ad^ /gerund,/ give an opportunity; $dare suspīciōnī locum$, give occasion for suspicion ^locō^ /or/ ^in locō,^ opportunely ^tempus,^ right time, opportunity; ^prīmō quōque tempore,^ at the first opportunity; ^suō tempore,^ at a fitting time; ^temporī^ or ^temperī,^ at the right time +BEGINNING AND END+ *3.1 beginning* ^orīgō, fōns,^ source ^auctor,^ originator ^creāre, generāre, ingenerāre, gīgnere,^ create; /nouns/ ^creātor, generātor, genitor, creātiō^ ^(Deus) effector (mundī),^ creator (God) ^źdere,^ produce, bring forth ^cōnstruere,^ construct, make; /noun/ ^cōnstrūctiō^ ^initium, prīncipium, exōrdium, prīmōrdium, exōrsus, inceptiō, introitus,^ beginning; /adj./ ^prīncipālis,^ original ^incipere, ōrdīrī, incohāre, exōrdīrī,^ begin ^orīrī, coorīrī, exorīrī, exsistere,^ arise; /noun/ ^ortus^ ^coepisse,^ have begun ^īnstituere,^ institute, begin ^suscipere,^ take up ^cōnārī,^ attempt, undertake; /noun/ ^cōnātus^ ^experīrī,^ try; /noun/ ^experientia^ *3.2 growth* ^alere,^ rear ^crźscere concrźscere,^ grow ^recrźscere,^ grow again ^flōrźre,^ flourish *3.3 end* ^cōnficere, peragere, perficere, absolvere,^ complete ^terminus,^ goal; ^termināre,^ end ^dźcrźscere,^ decrease ^pūtźscere,^ decay, rot; ^pūtidus,^ rotten ^abolźre, comminuere, cōnfringere, cōnsūmere, dźlźre, dźstruere, dźmōlīrī, dīruere, disperdere, dissolvere, dīvellere, źvellere, źvertere, exstinguere, percellere, perdere,^ destroy ^excīdere^ /or/ ^exscindere^ /or/ ^prōruere^ (e.g. $domōs$), destroy ^dissolūtiō, źversiō, exitium, exstīnctiō, interitiō, interitus, lābźs, naufragium, obitus, pernīciźs, pestis, ruīna,^ destruction, ruin; $ad interitum ruere$, rush to destruction; /adjs./ ^exitiābilis, exitiālis, exitiōsus, pestifer, pestilźns, pernīciōsus^ ^interīre, perīre, disperīre, źmorī, intermorī,^ perish, decay ^ad nihilum venīre^ /or/ ^recidere,^ come to naught, perish ^ruere,^ go to ruin; ^ruīnōsus,^ ruinous, in ruins ^collabefierī,^ be brought to ruin ^dźsinere, dźsistere,^ cease ^dźficere,^ come to an end ^effluere,^ pass away, vanish ^fīnis,^ end; $fīnem facere$, /with Dtg, Gtg or G gerund/, bring to an end; $fīnem statuere$, assign an end to, make an end of; /verb/ ^fīnīre,^ end ^clausula,^ end (of letter), last sentence (of period), last verses (of play) ^epistulam conclūdere,^ end a letter ^exitus,^ conclusion ^exitiōsus, exitiābilis,^ disastrous, fatal, deadly ^fūnus,^ destruction, end; e.g. $reīpūblicae$ ^occāsus,^ downfall, ruin +BIRTH AND DEATH+ *3.4 birth* ^parere,^ give birth to; ^partus,^ birth; offspring ^nāscī,^ be born; ^nātālis,^ natal; $diźs n.[ātālis]$, /or/ $n.[ātālis]$, birthday; $nātū$, by birth; $māior n.[ātū]$, older; $māximus n.[ātū]$, oldest ^renāscī,^ be born again ^ingredī vītam,^ be born ^vīvere,^ live; ^vīta,^ life; $introīre in vītam$, enter on l.[ife]; $manźre in vītā$, remain alive; $vītā fruī$, enjoy life, live; ^vīvus,^ alive; $mātre tuā vīvā$, in your mother's lifetime ^revīvīscere,^ live again, revive ^animāns,^ living being *3.5 growth* ^nūtrīre,^ foster, rear; ^nūtrīx,^ nurse ^excźdere ź puerīs,^ pass out of childhood ^adolźscere,^ grow up ^consenźscere,^ grow old, weak QV: ages of man, 24.2 *3.6 death* ^mors, obitus, discessus dź vītā, excessus (ź vītā), fātum,^ death; $m.[ors] eum absūmpsit$, carried off; $mortem obiit$, he died; ^mortālis,^ subject to death; ^moribundus,^ dying; /noun/ ^mortālitās^ ^mortifer,^ deadly, causing death ^morī, abīre ź vītā, cursum vītae cōnficere, obīre, cźdere vītā, dźcźdere^ (/also with/ ^dź vītā^)^, discźdere ź vītā, excźdere vītā^ /or/ ^ź vītā, ex^ /or/ ^dź vītā exīre^ /or/ ^migrāre, vītā źmigrāre, hinc dźmigrāre, perīre, dźperīre, occidere, occumbere^ (/also with/ ^mortem^ /or/ ^morte^)^, animam agere^ /or/ ^efflāre, animam^ /or/ ^vītam źdere, vītam āmittere, dźscīscere ā vītā, exspīrāre,^ die; ^vītam abicere,^ surrender life; ^vītam complźre,^ conclude life ^sī quid mihi hūmānitus accidisset,^ if I were to die ^mors voluntāria,^ suicide; ^mortem^ /or/ ^necem sibi cōnscīscere, vītā sź prīvāre, sź interimere, ā vītā recźdere,^ commit suicide ^sź suspendere,^ hang oneself; ^suspendium,^ hanging ^mortem oppetere,^ encounter death, die (a violent or unnatural death) ^lźtum,^ violent death; /see 47.2/ ^extrźmus^ (/or/ ^postrźmus^) ^spīritus,^ dying breath ^concidere,^ fall lifeless ^in aciź cadere,^ fall in battle ^vītae cursum cōnficere,^ finish one's career ^mortuus, dźfūnctus, exsanguis,^ dead ^īnferī,^ the dead; $apud īnferōs$, among the dead ^īnferiae,^ sacrifices in honour of the dead; ^parentāre mortuīs,^ bring sacrifices to dead relations ^iūsta,^ funeral ceremonies ... mourning ... ^vestem^ /or/ ^vestītum mūtāre,^ go into mourning ^ad vestītum suum redīre,^ go out of morning ^sordźs^ /P/, mourning garment; mourning ^toga sordida^ /or/ ^pulla,^ dark grey toga, worn in mourning ^lūgubris,^ mourning (/adj./) QV: inheritance, 33.6 ... funeral ... ^cadāver,^ dead body, corpse ^lectus,^ bier ^fūnus,^ funeral; $f.[ūnus] dūcere$, conduct a f.[uneral]; $in f.[ūnus] venīre$, go to a f.[uneral]; /adj./ ^fūnebris,^ e.g. $cōntiō$; ^fūnebria,^ funeral rites ^exsequiae,^ funeral train, obsequies; $exsequiās prōsequī$, attend a funeral ^efferre,^ carry to burial ^cremāre,^ cremate; ^cinis,^ ashes ^rogus,^ funeral pile ^humāre,^ inter ^sepelīre,^ inter, cremate; ^sepultūra,^ burial, funeral obsequies; $sepultūrā afficere$, bury ^sepulcrum, monumentum, bustum,^ tomb, grave, burial place; /Acpn/ $in sepulcrō condere$, inter ^tumulus,^ sepulchral mound, barrow ^urna,^ cinerary urn ^źlogium,^ epitaph ^inhumātus,^ unburied +4-6 PLACE+ *4.1* ^īnfīnitās, immźnsum,^ unlimited space ^orbis terrārum, mundus, terrae, ūniversum,^ world, universe; ^mundānus,^ citizen of the world ^intermundia,^ space between worlds ^deus artifex^ or ^mōlītor mundī,^ God the creator of the world ... ... ^ubi?^ where? $ubi gentium?$, where in the world? ^ubi, quā,^ where; ^quācumque, ubicumque,^ wherever ^hōc locō, hīc,^ here, in this place ^illīc, istīc, ibi, eō locō,^ there, in that place ^ibīdem, eōdem locō,^ in the same place ^alibī,^ in another place ... ... ^praestō^ (/adv./) ^sum^, am present, ready, at hand ^domī mīlitiaeque,^ at home and abroad ^longź lātźque,^ far and wide ^sźdźs,^ base, foundation ^regiō,^ quarter, region ^locus,^ place; (/n P/ $loca$, region, locality) ... ... ^ubīque, undique, omnibus locīs, omnibus (in) partibus,^ everywhere ^ubivīs, usquam, uspiam,^ anywhere ^alicubī,^ in some place ^multīs locīs, multifāriam,^ in many places ^passim,^ at different places ^nusquam,^ in no place, nowhere ... ... ^septentriōnźs,^ (/m P/), north ^merīdiźs,^ south ^occidźns, (sōlis) occāsus,^ west ^oriźns, (sōlis) ortus,^ east ^spectat in merīdiem,^ it faces south ^vergit in occidentem,^ it lies to the west *4.2 be at rest* ^stāre,^ stand; ^statiō,^ stay, sojourn; ^status,^ posture, position; ^stabilis,^ firm, steady; /noun/ ^stabilitās^ ^assistere,^ take up a position, stand ^cōnsistere,^ take one's stand, halt ^resistere,^ stand still ^cōnstāre,^ remain; ^cōnstitī,^ stand ^īnstāre,^ stand in ^restāre,^ stand firm ^sistere, subsistere,^ stand still, stop ^sedźre,^ sit; /noun/ ^sessiō^ ^obsidźre,^ sit in or at ... cause to be at rest ... ^sistere, statuere,^ set up ^pōnere, locāre, collocāre,^ place; /noun/ ^collocātiō^ ^stabilīre,^ fix, establish ^iacere, iactāre,^ throw; /noun/ ^iactātiō^ ^sternere,^ stretch flat ^suspendere,^ hang up ... ... ^subsīdere,^ stay ^iacźre, cubāre,^ lie ^humī strātus^ /or/ ^fūsus,^ lying (flat) on the ground ^supīnus,^ lying on one's back ^prōnus,^ lying face downward ^pendźre,^ hang, be suspended *4.3 stay* ^versārī,^ dwell, stay, abide ^manźre,^ remain; /noun/ ^mānsiō^ ^permanźre, perstāre, persevźrāre, remanźre,^ stay to the end, endure, remain; /nouns/ ^permānsiō, remānsiō, persevźrantia^ ^residźre,^ remain, be left ^eōdem remanźre vestīgiō,^ stay in the same place ^restāre, superesse,^ be left, remain over ^reliquus, residuus,^ left over; ^reliquum, residuum, pars reliqua,^ the rest ^cōram^ /Ab/, in the presence of ... leave ... ^sź locō movźre,^ leave ^relinquere,^ leave behind; /noun/ ^relictiō^ ^linquere,^ leave ^dźrelinquere,^ abandon (neglect); /noun/ ^dźrelictiō^ ^dźserere,^ desert; /noun/ ^dźsertor^ ^dźstituere,^ abandon (in destitution) ^discźdere ab^ /Ab/, forsake, leave (person); /noun/ ^discessus^ ^excźdere^ /Ab/ or ^ex^ /Ab/, leave (place) QV: other verbs in 5.1 *4.4 go* ^īre,^ go; /noun/ ^itiō^ ^commeāre,^ go in and out, to and fro ^sź cōnferre,^ betake oneself, go ^tendere,^ go, march, travel ^pergere,^ proceed, go on ^sź in viam dare,^ set out ^gradīrī, ingredī,^ walk, step out ^gradus, passus,^ step; ^ingressus,^ walking; ^gradātim,^ step by step ^titubāre,^ reel, stumble ^vacillāre,^ sway, stagger, reel ^lābī, illābī,^ slip; /noun/ ^lāpsus^ ^ambulāre,^ walk (at leisure) ^baculum,^ walking-stick ^inambulāre, spatiārī,^ take a walk; /noun/ ^inambulātiō^ ^vādere,^ walk (briskly) ... ... ^vehī,^ be conveyed; $currū v.[ehī]$, drive; $in equō v.[ehī]$, ride; $in nāvī v.[ehī]$, sail ^currere,^ run; /nouns/ ^cursus,^ running, voyage; ^currus,^ car, chariot ^proficīscī,^ set out, travel; $pedibus p.[roficīscī]$, set out on a land journey; ^profectiō,^ departure ^iter facere,^ go on a journey ^viam ingredī,^ take a road ^cursum tenźre,^ hold on a course; ^cursum dīrigere ad^ /Ac/, make for ^errāre, vagārī, pervagārī,^ wander, roam, rove about; ^vagus,^ wandering about ^peragrāre,^ wander or travel through; /noun/ ^peragrātiō^ ... make to go ... ^ciźre, movźre, commovźre,^ move; ^permovźre,^ move (thoroughly); /nouns/ ^mōtus, mōmentum;^ /adj./ ^mōbilis^ ^dūcere, perdūcere,^ lead, conduct ^dīrigere,^ direct ^mittere,^ send; /noun/ ^missiō^ ^ferre, portāre,^ carry ^trahere,^ draw, drag; /noun/ ^tractus^ ^intorquźre,^ hurl ... ... ^incźdere,^ walk (with dignity); ^incessus,^ walking, gait ^prōsequī^ /Acpn/, accompany ^contendere, festīnāre, mātūrāre, properāre, approperāre,^ hasten; /noun/ ^ruere,^ rush ... ... ^vehere,^ transport, convey ^ferrī,^ travel ^obīre^ /Ac/, traverse, travel through, visit ^perlustrāre^ /Ac/, travel over ^peregrīnārī,^ travel, go abroad; ^peregrīnātīo,^ travel or stay in foreign country ^migrāre, dźmigrāre ex^ /Ab/ ^in^ /Ac/, migrate; /noun/ ^migrātiō^ ^viātor,^ traveller ^viāticum,^ money for journey QV: transport by land, see 7.6 QV: by water, see 9.3, .4 *4.5 turn, bend, roll, fold* ^vertere,^ turn (/trans./); ^vertī,^ turn (/intrans./); ^versārī,^ turn often, twist about; ^invertere,^ turn round ^flectere,^ bend, turn; ^flexus,^ turning, turning point; ^flexiō,^ bending; ^flexibilis,^ flexible; ^flexuōsus,^ winding; ^īnflectere,^ bend; /noun/ ^īnflexiō;^ ^reflectere,^ bend or turn back ^intendere,^ bend, turn ^torquźre,^ twist, turn, bend; ^tortuōsus,^ twisted; ^obtorquźre,^ twist, wrench; ^retorquźre,^ twist back ^inclīnāre,^ bend, incline, turn; /noun/ ^inclīnātiō^ ^volvere,^ turn round, roll (/trans./); ^volvī,^ roll (/intrans./); ^volūtāre,^ roll, twist; ^volūbilis,^ turning, rolling ^revolvere,^ roll back, unroll ^plicāre,^ fold ^explicāre, replicāre, pandere,^ unfold *5.1 towards/away from* ... towards ... ^quō?^ /or/ ^quōrsum?^ whither? ^utrō?^ to which side, whither? ^hūc,^ to this place ^illūc, istūc, eō,^ to that place ^eōdem,^ to the same place ^aliquō,^ to some place ^nusquam,^ to no place ^passim, in omnźs partźs,^ in all directions ^quō,^ to which place ^quōcumque, quōquō,^ whithersoever ^ad^ /Ac/, to ^sub^ /Ac/, to ^ūsque ad^ /Ac/, (all the way) to ^adversus, versus^ /Ac/, towards ^venīre,^ come ^ventitāre,^ come often ^advenīre, pervenīre,^ arrive; /noun/ ^adventus;^ $prīmō adventū$, immediately on arrival ^prōvinciam tetigit,^ he reached the province ^accźdere, succźdere, appropinquāre, adīre, subīre,^ approach; /nouns/ ^accessiō, accessus, successus, aditus;^ $aditum$ /Dpn/ $ad$ /Actg/ $interclūdere$, bar one's way to; $omnźs aditūs$ /Gtg/ $praeclūdere, saepīre$, bar all approaches to ^obrźpere,^ creep up, draw near ^adventāre,^ approach, advance (espec. of hostile forces) ^advehī,^ come (ride, sail, etc.) to ^adnāre,^ swim to ^allābī,^ glide to ^arrźpere,^ creep up ^īnstāre,^ approach; $vźr īnstat$, spring is near ^rźctō itinere petere,^ make straight for ^tendere^ (e.g. $Venusiam$), make for ^incidere in^ /Ac/, come upon, meet unexpectedly ^accurrere, occurrere,^ run up ^advolāre,^ rush up ^assilīre,^ jump to ^īnferrī,^ rush against ^admovźre,^ bring, lead to; /noun/ ^admōtiō^ ^appellere, adigere,^ drive towards or up; /noun/ ^adāctiō^ ^apportāre,^ carry to or up ^addūcere,^ lead to or up ^afferre,^ bring to or up ^advehere,^ convey to ^advertere,^ turn towards; $oculōs ad eum a.[dvertere]$, turn one's eyes towards him ^obicere,^ throw against, in the way ^offendere,^ knock against; come upon ^obviam īre^ /or/ ^prōcźdere^ /Dpn or/ ^prōdīre,^ go to meet ... away from ... ^unde?^ whence? ^hinc,^ from this place ^illinc, istinc, istim, inde,^ from that place ^indidem,^ from the same place ^alicunde,^ from some place ^ex intervāllō,^ from some distance ^undique, ex omnibus partibus,^ from all sides ^extrīnsecus, forīs,^ from the outside ^unde,^ from which place ^ā, ab^ /Ab/, from; N.B. $abs tź$ ^abstinźre,^ keep away ^abīre, dźvehī,^ go away; /noun/ ^abitus^ ^exīre, absistere,^ depart (from); /noun/ ^exitus^ ^cźdere, sźcźdere,^ withdraw; /noun/ ^sźcessiō^ ^abscźdere, dźcźdere ab, dź^ /or/ ^ex^ /Ab/, ^discźdere ab^ /Abpn/, ^excźdere ex^ /Ab place/, ^dīgredī ab^ /Ab/, leave, depart from; $longius discźdere$, go farther away; /nouns/ ^abscessus, dźcessiō, discessus, dīgressiō, dīgressus^ ^źgredī,^ quit; /noun/ ^źgressus^ ^dźgredī,^ go away ^āvertere, āversārī, dźclīnāre, dźvertere,^ turn away or aside; /noun/ ^dźclīnātiō^ ^aufugere,^ run away, abscond ^āvolāre, dźvolāre,^ fly away ^diffluere,^ flow away ^źlābī,^ slip away ^exclūdere,^ keep away, remove ^dźpellere,^ push aside, remove ^abiungere,^ separate, remove ^abigere, expellere, extrūdere, exturbāre, prōturbāre,^ drive away; /nouns/ ^expulsiō, expulsor^ ^ablźgāre, relźgāre,^ send away; /noun/ ^ablźgātiō^ ^āmovźre, dźmovźre, dīmovźre, removźre, retrahere, sźmovźre, submovźre,^ remove; /nouns/ ^āmōtiō, remōtiō^ ^abdere, dźpōnere,^ put away ^trahere,^ draw away; /noun/ ^tractus^ ^arcźre,^ prevent from approaching, keep at a distance ^abdūcere, dźdūcere, źdūcere,^ lead away; /noun/ ^dźductiō^ ^asportāre, dźportāre, dźvehere,^ bring or carry away ^abstrahere, dźtrahere, distrahere, subtrahere,^ draw or take away; /noun/ ^dźtractiō^ ^dźmere,^ take away ^auferre, āvehere,^ carry off ^adimere, źripere,^ take away; /nouns/ ^adźmptiō, źreptiō^ ^surripere,^ take away secretly ^revellere,^ tear away ^succīdere,^ cut off ^abrādere,^ scrape off ^dźtrūdere,^ thrust away ^āvocāre, sźvocāre,^ call of from, withdraw, divert; /noun/ ^āvocātiō^ ^mittere, dīmittere,^ dismiss; /nouns/ ^missiō, dīmissiō^ ^abicere, prōicere,^ throw away ^āvellere, abripere, dźripere, abrumpere, eximere, abscindere,^ tear away, break off; /noun/ ^abruptiō^ ^praeripere,^ tear or snatch away ^abscīdere, dźcīdere, dźsecāre, resecāre,^ cut off ^abluere, dīluere, źluere,^ wash away, remove ^abstergźre,^ wipe away *5.2 in/out* ... in ... ^in^ /Ab/, in ^intrā^ /Ac/, in ^intus^ (/adv./), ^intrīnsecus, intrōrsum^ /or/ ^-us,^ within ^penitus,^ inwardly, internally, far within ^domī,^ in the house ^internus^ (/late/), internal ^interior,^ on the inner side ^intimus,^ inmost ^inesse,^ be in ^inhaerźre,^ be inherent ^īnsidźre,^ sit in, adhere to ^īnsitus,^ inborn, inherent ... out ... ^extrā^ /Ac/, without, on the outside of ^extrā^ (/adv./), without ^forīs,^ out of doors ^externus,^ outward ^exterior,^ on the outer side ^extrźmus,^ outermost ^exstāre,^ stand out ^prōspicere, prōspectāre,^ look out; /noun/ ^prōspectus^ *5.3 into/out of* ... into ... ^in^ /Ac/, into ^intrō^ (/adv./), ^intrōrsum^ /or/ ^-us,^ in, to the inside ^inīre, introīre, intrāre^ /Ac or/ ^in^ /Ac/, ^ingredī^ /Ac/, ^immigrāre, invādere,^ enter (/trans./); /also intrans./; ^introitus, ingressiō, ingressus,^ entrance ^intrōspicere,^ look into ^penetrāre, permānāre, sź īnsinuāre,^ get into ^incidere,^ fall into ^incurrere in^ /Ac/, run into ^īnscendere,^ climb into ^irrźpere,^ creep or steal in ^īnsilīre, īnsultāre,^ leap in ^irrumpere, irruere,^ rush into; /noun/ ^irruptiō^ ^involāre,^ fly or rush into ^īnfluere,^ flow into ^invehī,^ ride, drive, etc., into; /noun/ ^invectiō^ ^īnserere, impōnere, inculcāre, interpōnere,^ put into, insert, introduce; /noun/ ^interpositiō^ ^indūcere, intrōdūcere,^ lead into; /nouns/ ^inductiō, intrōductiō^ ^īnferre, ingerere, invehere,^ carry into; /noun/ ^invectiō^ ^inicere,^ throw into ^importāre,^ import ^involvere,^ wrap up; ^involūcrum,^ wrapper, covering ^īnflāre,^ blow into; /noun/ ^īnflātus^ ^īnfundere in^ /Ac/, pour into ^īnfīgere,^ fasten in, thrust in ^imprimere,^ press into ^incīdere,^ cut into ^īnsinuāre,^ thrust into ^intexere,^ weave into ^immittere,^ send, cast into ... out of ... ^ź, ex^ /Ab/, out of ^forās^ (/adv./), to the outside, out of doors ^exīre,^ go out; /noun/ ^exitus^ ^źgredī,^ go out; /noun/ ^źgressus^ ^źmergere, exorīrī,^ rise, come forth ^źvādere,^ come out or forth ^źminźre,^ stand out ^excidere,^ fall out ^excurrere,^ run out or forth; /noun/ ^excursus^ ^exsilīre, prōsilīre,^ leap out ^źrumpere,^ sally or burst forth; /noun/ ^źruptiō^ ^źvolāre,^ fly out, break forth ^prōrumpere,^ break forth ^źvehī,^ ride, etc., out ^effluere, źmānāre, prōfluere,^ flow out ^extrahere, prōtrahere,^ draw out ^źlicere,^ draw or entice out ^źruere,^ pluck out ^źdūcere, źgerere, źvehere,^ lead forth ^efferre, prōmere,^ bring out, bring forth ^źripere, exceptāre,^ take out ^vellere,^ pull out ^źvolvere,^ unroll; /noun/ ^źvolūtiō^ ^explicāre,^ unfold ^exprimere,^ press out ^fundere, diffundere, effundere, prōfundere,^ pour out; /nouns/ ^fūsiō, effūsiō^ ^offundere, perfundere,^ pour over ^excutere,^ shake out ^exclūdere,^ shut out ^prōripere,^ drag or snatch out ^pellere, expellere, exigere, źicere, extrūdere, exturbāre,^ drive out; /nouns/ ^expulsiō, expulsor, exāctiō, źiectiō^ ^prōtrūdere,^ thrust out ^źverrere,^ sweep out ^źvellere, excerpere, revellere,^ pluck out; /noun/ ^źvulsiō^ ^extorquźre,^ wrench out ^excīdere, exsecāre,^ cut out ^źdere, źmittere,^ send forth; /noun/ ^źmissiō^ ^źvomere,^ spit or cast out *5.4 up and high/down and low* ... up and high ... ^suprā^ /Ac/, ^super^ /Ab/, above, over ^suprā^ (/adv./), above ^īnsuper,^ on top, from above ^dźsuper,^ from above ^sursum^ /or/ ^s.[ursum] versus,^ upwards ^altus,^ high (/also/ deep); /noun/ ^altitūdō^ ^celsus, excelsus, sublīmis, źditus,^ high, lofty ^prōcźrus,^ tall, high; /noun/ ^prōcźritās^ ^arduus,^ high, steep ^superus,^ above, upper, higher ^superior,^ higher ^summus,^ (/poetic/) ^suprźmus,^ highest; $summus mōns$, the top of the mountain ^culmen,^ summit ^vertex,^ top ^summus locus,^ highest point ^īnsistere,^ stand on ^surgere, assurgere, cōnsurgere, exsurgere,^ rise, get up ^suspicere,^ look up; /noun/ ^suspectus^ ^scandere, ascendere, cōnscendere, źscendere, cōnītī,^ ascend, climb; /noun/ ^ascźnsus, cōnscźnsiō^ ^salīre,^ jump; /noun/ ^saltus^ ^exsilīre, exsultāre, prōsilīre,^ leap up ^sublīme ferrī,^ fly up ^tollere, attollere, extollere, levāre, sublevāre,^ raise, lift up ^źrigere,^ set up ^subvehere,^ carry or take up (stream) ... down and low ... ^īnfrā^ /Ac/, ^subter^ /Ac/, ^sub^ /Ac/, below, under ^īnfrā, subter^ (/adv./), below ^deorsum,^ downwards ^humilis,^ low; /noun/ ^humilitās^ ^prōclīvis,^ descending, downhill ^praeceps,^ steep, precipitous ^profundus,^ deep; /noun/ ^profundum^ ^īnferus,^ lower ^īnferior,^ lower (of two) ^īnfimus, īmus,^ lowest; $sub īnfimō colle$, at the foot of the hill ^fundus,^ bottom ^recumbere,^ lie down ^dźpendere, prōpendźre,^ hang down ^dźvehī,^ go down ^dźsīdere,^ sink down ^cōnsīdere,^ sink, subside ^cadere, dźcidere,^ fall; /noun/ ^cāsus^ ^prōcumbere,^ fall to the ground ^dźlābī, prōlābī,^ slip down, fall; /noun/ ^prōlāpsiō^ ^concidere,^ fall down ^dźscendere,^ climb down; /noun/ ^dźscźnsus^ ^dźfluere,^ flow, swim or glide down ^salīre dź^ /Ab/, ^dźsilīre,^ leap down ^ruere,^ rush down, tumble ^dźcurrere,^ run or flow down; /noun/ ^dźcursus^ ^dźvolāre,^ fly or hasten down ^dźvolvī,^ rush down ^sź praecipitāre,^ throw oneself down ^dźmittere,^ drop; $sź manibus d.[źmittere]$, let oneself down; /noun/ ^dźmissiō^ ^dźferre, dźdūcere, dźportāre,^ bring down ^dźvehere,^ carry down ^pōnere, dźpōnere,^ put down ^afflīgere, abicere, dźicere, dźturbāre,^ throw down; /Acpn/ $praecipitem dźicere$ /or/ $praecipitāre$, cast down headlong ^premere, supprimere,^ press down ^dźtrūdere,^ thrust down ^sternere,^ fell, knock down ^dźvolvere,^ roll down ^dźmergere, immergere,^ sink, plunge (/trans./) ^succīdere,^ cut down *5.5 through/across* ... through ... ^per^ /Ac/, through ^pervius,^ what can be passed through ^pervādere,^ go through ^percurrere,^ run through ^perequitāre,^ ride through ^pervehī,^ ride, sail, etc., through ^pervolāre,^ fly or hasten through ^trāns-^ (/or/ ^trā-^)^-nāre^ /or/ ^-natāre,^ swim through or across ^perfringere, perrumpere,^ break through ^intercīdere, succīdere,^ cut through ^perferre, pervehere,^ carry through ^perlūcźre,^ shine through ^perspicere,^ see through QV: pierce, 48.8 ... across ... ^trāns^ /Ac/, across ^trānsversus,^ lying across ^trānsīre,^ go across ^trānsgredī, trāicere,^ cross (a river), /also/ make to cross, e.g. $exercitum flūmen trāiźcit$; ^trānsgressus, trāiectus, trāiectiō,^ crossing, passage ^trānscendere,^ cross (a mountain, etc.) ^trānscurrere,^ run across ^trānsilīre,^ leap across ^trā(ns)ferre, trānsportāre, trānsvehere,^ carry across; /noun/ ^trālātiō, trānsvectiō^ ^trādūcere,^ lead, bring or carry across ^trānsmittere,^ send across; /noun/ ^trānsmissiō^ *5.6 between* ^inter^ /Ac/, between ^intervāllum,^ space between ^interesse,^ be or lie between ^intercidere,^ fall between ^intericere,^ throw between; /noun/ ^interiectus^ ^interpōnere,^ place between, insert; /noun/ ^interpositiō^ ^intermittere,^ allow to intervene; /noun/ ^intermissiō *5.7 side* ^latus,^ side, flank; $ā latere, ā lateribus$, on or at the side(s), on the flank(s) ^dextra,^ right side; ^sinistra, laeva,^ left side ^dextrā (laevā),^ on the right (left) ^dextrōrsum (sinistrōrsum, ad laevam),^ to the right (left) ^utrimque,^ on /or/ from both sides ^ex omnibus partibus,^ from all sides ^ultrō citrōque,^ on this side and on that, to and fro ^ab alterā parte...ab alterā,^ on one side...on the other ^ūnā ex parte,^ from one side ^oblīquus,^ sidelong, slanting; ^oblīquź,^ sideways ^cis^ /Ac/, ^citrā^ /Ac/, on this side of ^citrā, citrō^ /adv./, on this side ^citerior^ /adj./, nearer, on this side ^praeter^ /Ac/, past ^praeterīre, praetergredī,^ pass by ^praetervehī,^ drive, ride or sail by; /noun/ ^praetervectiō^ ^trāns^ /Ac/, ^ultrā^ /Ac/, on the farther side of ^ultrā, ultrō, ulterius^ /adv./, beyond ^ulterior^ /adj./, beyond, farther, on the other side *5.8 opposite* ^contrā^ /Ac/, opposite ^ź regiōne^ /G or D/, ^ex adversō^ /G or D/, ^contrā^ (/adv./), opposite ^adversus, contrārius,^ opposite; $in contrāriās partźs$, in opposite directions ^oppōnere,^ set opposite; /noun/ ^oppositus^ *5.9 on, over/under* ... on, over ... ^super^ /Ac Ab/, over; /also adv./ ^nītor,^ rest on, lean on ^subnīsus^ /or/ ^subnīxus,^ resting on ^trānsgredī,^ go over; /noun/ ^trānsgressiō^ ^trānscendere,^ step over ^trānsilīre,^ leap over ^superfluere,^ run over, overflow ^superfundī,^ overflow ^superpōnere,^ put on ^trādūcere,^ lead, bring or carry over ^trāicere,^ throw over ^suffundere, superfundere,^ pour over ^imminźre, impendźre, prominźre,^ overhang ... under ... ^sub^ /Ac/, (to) under; /Ab/, under ^subesse,^ be under ^subīre, succźdere,^ go under ^surrźpere,^ creep under ^subdere, submittere,^ put under ^subscrībere,^ write below; /noun/ ^subscrīptiō^ ^subdūcere, subtrahere,^ draw from under ^suppōnere,^ put under ^subigere,^ bring under ^subicere,^ bring or throw under ^suggerere,^ lay under ^substernere,^ spread or lay under ^submergere,^ dip under, submerge ^suffundere,^ pour under ^subruere, suffōdere,^ undermine *6.1 near/far* ... near ... ^quoad? quātenus? quoūsque?^ how far? ^spatium, intervāllum, discrīmen,^ distance ^distāre,^ be distant ^passus,^ pace ^prope^ /Ac/, near; /also adv./, e.g. $prope absum$, am not far away ^apud^ /Ac/, (quite) near ^comminus,^ /adv./, near ^adesse,^ be near, close at hand ^ante pedźs positum esse,^ stare in the face ^adstāre,^ stand at or near ^adhaerźre,^ keep close to; /noun/ ^adhaesiō^ ^iuxtā^ /Ac/, ^propter^ /Ac/, close to, hard by ^propter, iuxtā,^ /adv./, near ^propinquus,^ near; /noun/ ^propinquitās;^ ^propior,^ nearer; ^proximus,^ nearest ^subicere,^ bring or throw near ^continźns, appositus, subiectus, cōnfīnis,^ lying near, adjacent ^vīcīnus,^ neighbouring; /nouns/ ^vīcīnitās, vīcīnia^ ^subesse,^ be near ^accolere,^ live near; ^accola,^ neighbour ^suppetere,^ be at hand, be present ^haerźre,^ cling, adhere ^ad manum habźre,^ have at hand ... far ... ^procul ā^ /or/ ^ab^ /Ab/, far from ^procul, źminus,^ /adv./, at a distance ^abesse,^ be absent; $longź a.[besse]$, be far away ^ź longinquō,^ from afar ^longinquus,^ distant ^ultimus,^ farthest, very remote ^remōtus,^ remote QV: words meaning approach and depart, 5.1 *6.2 before/behind* ... before, in front and forward ... ^prō^ /Ab/, in front of ^ante^ /Ac/, before ^prae^ /Ab/, in front of, ahead of ^ante^ /adv./, before ^prōtinus,^ forward ^frōns,^ front; $ā fronte$, in front, before ^prōnus,^ leaning forward ^adversus,^ in front; e.g. $adversum vulnus; adversōs aggressus est$, attacked them in front ^praeīre, praecźdere, praegredī,^ go in front; /noun/ ^praegressiō^ ^praecurrere,^ run before, precede; /nouns/ ^praecursiō, praecursor^ ^praedūcere,^ take or draw in front ^praeferre,^ carry in front ^praefīgere,^ fasten in front ^praemittere,^ send in advance ^praepōnere,^ set before; /noun/ ^praepositiō^ ^praerumpere,^ break off in front ^praesecāre,^ cut off in front ^prōcźdere, prōgredī, prōdīre,^ advance, come forward; /nouns/ ^prōcessiō, prōgressiō, prōgressus^ ^prōcumbere,^ fall forward ^prōcurrere,^ run forward; /noun/ ^prōcursus^ ^prōvehī,^ advance (esp. of riding or sailing) ^succźdere,^ move forward (/intrans./) ^exsistere,^ come forward ^prōdere,^ go forth ^prōruere,^ rush forward ^sź prōripere,^ burst forth ^prōmovźre,^ move forward (/trans./) ^prōdūcere,^ lead forward ^prōferre,^ bring forward ^impellere, prōpellere,^ drive forward, urge on; /noun/ ^impulsiō^ ^prōtrūdere,^ thrust forward ^trūdere, pellere,^ push ^obstāre,^ stand before ^obsistere,^ place oneself before ^obdūcere,^ lead or draw before ^obicere,^ throw before; /noun/ ^obiectus^ ^praevertere,^ put before ^obstruere,^ erect in front; /noun/ ^obstrūctiō^ ^obtendere,^ draw in front of ^oppōnere,^ set before ... behind and backward, back ... ^post^ /Ac/, ^pōne^ /Ac/, behind ^post, pōne,^ /adv./, behind ^retrō,^ back ^retrōrsum, rursum,^ backwards ^tergum,^ back, rear; $ā tergō$, (from) behind, at the back ^āversus,^ behind; $āversōs aggressus est$, he attacked them from behind ^sequī,^ follow ^subsequī,^ follow up ^succźdere,^ succeed; /noun/ ^successor^ ^cźdere, recźdere, retractāre, sź subdūcere^ /refl./, withdraw, retire; /noun/ ^recessus^ ^revehī,^ drive, sail, etc., back ^recurrere,^ run or hasten back ^redīre, regredī, revenīre, revertī,^ come back, return; /nouns/ ^reditus, regressus, reversiō,^ return; $reditū interclūdī$, be prevented from returning ^remigrāre,^ wander back, return ^redux,^ returning ^recidere,^ fall back ^resilīre,^ leap back, rebound ^repōnere,^ put back ^revehere,^ bring back ^retrahere,^ draw or drag back ^redūcere, redigere,^ lead back; /noun/ ^reductiō^ ^referre, reportāre,^ carry back ^pellere, repellere, refūtāre,^ drive back ^revolvere,^ roll back ^rźicere,^ throw back ^repercutere,^ cast back ^refundere,^ pour back ^remittere,^ send back; /noun/ ^remissiō^ ^retinźre, retentāre, refrźnāre, supprimere,^ hold back; /noun/ ^retentiō^ ^restringere, revincīre,^ bind back *6.3 together/apart* ... together ... ^cum^ /Ab/, with ^simul, ūnā,^ /adv./ together, at the same place ^congredī, convenīre, occurrere,^ meet; /nouns/ ^congressiō, congressus, occursus^ ^concurrere,^ assemble; /noun/ ^concursus^ ^legere, colligere,^ gather, collect; /noun/ ^collźctiō^ ^condūcere, cōnferre, cōnstruere,^ bring together; /noun/ ^collātiō, cōnstrūctiō^ ^cōgere,^ bring together (by force) ^cōnflīgere,^ strike together; /noun/ ^cōnflīctus^ ^congregāre, comportāre,^ bring together ^conicere,^ throw or bring together ^cōnficere,^ get together ^continźre,^ hold together ^contrahere,^ draw together; /noun/ ^contractiō^ ^compōnere,^ place together, join; /noun/ ^compositiō^ ^stringere,^ bind together ^adnectere, cōnsociāre,^ connect ^cōnfīgere,^ fasten together ^iungere, coniungere, cōnserere, serere, coāgmentāre,^ join; /nouns/ ^iūnctiō, coniūnctiō;^ ^coāgmentum,^ joint ^colligāre, nectere, cōnectere, innectere, cōpulāre,^ bind together, combine; /nouns/ ^nexus, cōpulātiō^ ^sociāre, cōnsociāre,^ combine, associate; /noun/ ^societās^ ^contexere,^ interweave, connect ^miscźre, commiscźre, immiscźre, permiscźre,^ combine ^admiscźre,^ admix ^cōnfundere,^ pour together, combine; /noun/ ^cōnfūsiō^ ^immiscźrī^ /D, or/ ^sź immiscźre,^ mingle with (/intrans./) ^intexere,^ join together ^iūnctus,^ united, combined ^coīre,^ combine, be joined ^nōdus,^ bond ... apart ... ^hiātus,^ cleft, opening, fissure ^lacūna,^ cavity, cleft ^rīma,^ crack, slit, crevice ^sźparātim,^ /less often/ ^seorsum,^ /adv./, apart ^distinźre,^ keep apart ^dīlābī, diffugere,^ scatter, disperse (/intrans./) ^spargere, aspergere,^ scatter, sprinkle; $sź s.[pargere]$ /or/ $spargī$, scatter (/intrans./); /noun/ ^aspersiō^ ^cōnspergere, īnspergere, respergere,^ strew, sprinkle ^dispergere,^ scatter about, disperse; /noun/ ^dispersus^ ^cōnsternere,^ strew ^differre, diffundere, dispellere, dissipāre,^ scatter; /noun/ ^dissipātiō^ ^perfundere,^ sprinkle ^disicere,^ scatter (enemies) ^findere, diffindere, scindere, discindere, interscindere, discerpere, dīvellere,^ cleave, tear, rend asunder; /noun/ ^fissiō^ ^dīdūcere, dīvidere, dīmovźre, dirimere, disiungere, disparāre, distinźre, sźiungere, sźcernere, sźclūdere, sźgregāre, sźparāre,^ separate; /nouns/ ^dīductiō, dīvīsiō, dirźmptus, disiūnctiō, sźiūnctiō, sźcrźtiō, sźparātiō^ ^dissolvere,^ loosen, separate; /noun/ ^dissolūtiō^ ^dīrumpere,^ break asunder, sever ^dīripere,^ tear asunder; /noun/ ^dīreptiō^ ^sźparātus,^ separate (/adj./) QV: divide, distribute, 17.6 ... ... ^ligāre, alligāre, obligāre,^ bind ^illigāre,^ tie, knit, fasten together ^dźligāre,^ bind fast ^religāre,^ bind back, bind ^astringere,^ draw together, bind ^restringere,^ bind back or fast ^vincīre,^ bind ^dźvincīre,^ bind fast ^źvincīre,^ bind round ^revincīre,^ bind back ^innectere,^ bind, fasten round QV: whole, part, 17.6 *6.4 around and middle* ^circum, circā^ /Ac/, around ^circum, circā,^ /adv./, around ^circumiectus,^ surrounding ^circumscrībere,^ enclose (in a circle); ^circumscrīptiō,^ circle, outline ^cingere, circumplectī,^ surround; $gladiō cingitur$, he girds on his sword ^circumsistere, circumstāre,^ stand round ^circumīre,^ go, march around; /noun/ ^circuitus^ ^circumclūdere, circumvenīre,^ surround, encompass ^circumvehī,^ ride or sail round; /noun/ ^circumvectiō^ ^circumequitāre,^ ride round ^circumdare,^ place round, surround; $c.[ircumdare] bracchia collō$, embrace ^circumdūcere,^ lead around ^circumagere,^ drive round ^circumferre,^ carry round ^circumicere,^ throw round; /noun/ ^circumiectus^ ^circumfundere,^ pour round ^circumflāre,^ blow round ^ambīre,^ go round, surround; /noun/ ^ambitus^ ^circumfluere,^ flow round ^circumspicere, circumspectāre,^ look round; /noun/ ^circumspectus^ QV: in, 5.2 QV: circle etc. in 12.1 ^medius,^ middle; $in mediō mundō$, in the centre of the universe; $media pars$, centre +7 LAND+ *7.1* ^patria,^ (native) country ^solum, terra,^ country, region ^fīnis,^ boundary; ^fīnźs^ /P/, territory, frontier; $fīnibus ūtī$, stay in one's country ^cōnfīnis,^ adjoining, neighbouring; /noun/ ^cōnfīnium,^ boundary ^agrī nostrī,^ our land ^indigena,^ native ^barbaria^ /or/ ^barbariźs,^ foreign country; ^barbarus,^ foreign, barbarian, /as noun/ foreigner ^prōvincia,^ province; ^prōvinciālźs,^ provincials ^prōcōnsul,^ governor ^cohors,^ staff, retinue ^colōnia,^ settlement; $colōniam collocāre, dźdūcere$, found, plant a colony ^colōnus,^ colonist ^regiō, tractus,^ district ^situs,^ lying, situated; ^situs,^ situation, site *7.2 country* ^rūs,^ country (not town) ^rūsticus, rūsticānus,^ rural ^ager,^ territory, district, domain, field; $in agrīs habitāre$, live in the country ^agrestis,^ of the country, rustic ^campus,^ field ^prātum,^ meadow; /adj./ ^prātźnsis^ *7.3 hill and dale* ^mōns,^ mountain; $summus m.[ōns]$, the top of the m.[ountain]; $īmus m.[ōns]$, the foot of the m.[ountain]; $sub monte$, at the foot of the m.[ountain]; $sub ipsīs rādīcibus montis$, at the very foot of the m.[ountain]; ^montuōsus, montānus,^ mountainous ^iugum,^ ridge ^prōmunturium,^ headland, promontory ^collis,^ hill; $adversō colle$, up the hill ^tumulus,^ mound, hillock ^agger,^ mound ^mōlźs,^ mound, mole, massive pile ^saxum,^ rock ^scopulus,^ rock, crag; /adj./ ^scopulōsus^ ^rūpźs,^ steep rock ^cautźs, cōtźs,^ pointed rock ^antrum, caverna, spźlunca, specus,^ cavern, grotto ^vallis,^ valley ^convallis,^ enclosed valley ^angustiae, faucźs, saltus,^ narrow pass, defile ^vorāgō,^ abyss, chasm ^scrobis,^ ditch ^arduus,^ steep, lofty ^sublīmis, źminźns,^ lofty ^praeceps,^ steep, headlong ^circumcīsus,^ steep, sheer ^praeruptus, abruptus, abscīsus,^ steep, rugged ^apex,^ crest, peak ^fastīgium,^ summit; slope, descent ^dźvexus,^ sloping, steep ^clīvus,^ slope, ascent ^acclīvis,^ uphill, ascending; /noun/ ^acclīvitās^ ^locus źditus,^ rising ground; $loca źdita$, uplands ^dźclīvis, prōclīvis,^ sloping down, downhill ^ex locō superiōre (īnferiōre),^ from higher (lower) ground ^dźmissus, dźpressus, humilis,^ low-lying ^ascendere, scandere,^ climb ^attingere,^ reach ^dźscendere,^ climb down ^loca aspera,^ uneven ground ^plānus, aequus, campester,^ level ^aequus locus, aequum, plānum, plānitiźs, campus,^ plain *7.4 earth* ^terra,^ earth; $t.[erra] continźns$, mainland, continent; /adjs./ ^terrźnus, terrestris^ ^terrae mōtus,^ earthquake; ^terrae lābźs^ /or/ ^lāpsus,^ landslide ^tellūs,^ earth ^humus,^ ground; $humī$, on the ground ^solum,^ ground ^harźna,^ sand ^pulvis,^ dust; ^pulverulentus,^ /poet./ ^pulvereus,^ dusty ^lutum,^ mud, clay; /adjs./ ^luteus, lutulentus^ ^lapis,^ stone ^asprźtum,^ stony place ^saxźtum,^ rocky region ^silex,^ stone, pebble, flint ^glārea,^ gravel; /adj./ ^glāreōsus^ ^glźba,^ lump of earth, clod ^tesca^ (/P/), wastes, steppes *7.5* ^īnsula,^ island; ^īnsulānus,^ islander ^palūs, stāgnum,^ marsh, swamp, pool, fen; /adj./ ^palūster,^ /poet./ ^palūdōsus^ *7.6 transport by land* ^via,^ road; $mūnīre viam$, make a r.[oad]; $viam sternere$, pave a r.[oad]; $mūnītiō viārum$, road building; $v.[iam] fert$, the r.[oad] leads; $viam ingredī, īnstituere$, take a r.[oad] ^viae transversae,^ cross-street ^compitum,^ crossroads ^trivium,^ crossroads ^trāmes, sźmita,^ bypath, footpath, lane ^callis,^ (stony, uneven) path, mountain path, cattle track ... ... ^vehiculum, raeda,^ (four-wheeled) carriage; ^carpentum,^ (two-wheeled) carriage ^raedārius, aurīga,^ coachman ^currus,^ chariot; $currū vehī$, drive ^essedum,^ war chariot of Gauls and Britons; /later/, travelling carriage ^plaustrum,^ wagon, lorry ^carrus,^ cart (two-wheeled) ^cisium,^ light two-wheeled vehicle ^rota,^ wheel; ^axis,^ axle-tree ^orbita,^ track (of wheels) ^habźnae,^ reins; ^lōra,^ reins, whip ^frźnum,^ bridle; $frźnōs dare$, give reins to; /verb/ ^frźnāre^ ^lectīca,^ litter, palanquin; $lectīca octaphora$, /or/ $octaphoron$, litter carried by eight ^ferculum,^ bier, litter ^sella,^ sedan chair ^iter,^ journey; $sź itinerī committere, iter īnstituere$, set out on a journey; $i.[ter] habźre ad$, make one's way to ^impedītus^ (e.g. $locus$), difficult of passage ^invius,^ impassable, pathless ^obsaepīre,^ render impassable ^dźsertus,^ desolate ... ... ^dźverticulum, iter dźvium,^ bypath, byway ^līmes,^ cross-path ^oblīquō itinere,^ by a side road ^via compendiāria,^ short cut ^circuitus, ānfrāctus,^ round-about way ^dź viā dźflectere,^ stray from the road ... ... ^in equō vehī, equitāre,^ ride ^equum cōnscendere,^ mount horse; ^equō dźscendere,^ dismount ^equō citātō, concitātō^ /or/ ^admissō,^ at full gallop ^calcar,^ spur; $equō calcāria subdere, equum calcāribus concitāre$, spur on QV: travel, 4.4 QV: transport by water, 9.3, 9.4 +8 FARMING+ ^agrī cultūra, arātiō,^ agriculture ^opera rūstica,^ farm work, agriculture ^praedium,^ farm ^fundus, rūs,^ farm, country estate ^vīlla,^ country house, farm; /diminutive/ ^vīllula^ ^familia rūstica,^ farm hands ^vīlicus,^ bailiff, overseer *8.1* ^colere,^ cultivate; /nouns/ ^cultor terrae,^ farmer; ^cultus,^ tilling ^agricola, colōnus,^ husbandman, farmer, peasant ^agrestis,^ peasant, farmer ^rūsticus, rūsticānus,^ peasant ^ager, seges,^ field ^iūgerum,^ (2\/3 English) acre ^fertilis, pinguis, ūber, ferāx, frūgibus fźtus, opīmus, fźcundus,^ fertile; /nouns/ ^fertilitās, ūbertās, fźcunditās^ ^sterilis,^ barren; /noun/ ^sterilitās^ ^macer,^ meagre, lean ^āridus,^ dry ^arātrum,^ plough; ^vōmer,^ ploughshare; ^dentālia,^ sharebeam; /verb/ ^arāre, exarāre;^ ^arātor, bubulcus,^ ploughman, farmer ^armenta^ /P/, cattle for ploughing, herd; ^iugum,^ yoke (of oxen), team; ^stimulus,^ goad ^arvum,^ ploughed land ^sulcus,^ furrow ^occāre,^ harrow ^rāstrum,^ rake, mattock ^dolābra,^ mattock, pickaxe *8.2* ^serere, obserere,^ sow, plant; ^sator,^ sower ^sźmen,^ seed; $s.[źmen] spargere$, sow seed ^grānum,^ grain, seed ^messis,^ harvest; $messem facere$, reap; ^metere, dźmetere,^ mow, reap; ^messor,^ reaper ^seges,^ crop ^annōna,^ yearly produce (of grain) ^trīticum,^ wheat; ^avźna,^ oats; ^hordeum,^ barley ^spīca, spīcum, arista,^ ear of corn ^lolium,^ tares ^terere,^ thresh; ^ārea,^ threshing-floor ^horreum,^ barn; ^grānārium,^ granary ^acervus,^ heap ^molere,^ grind; ^pīstor,^ miller (also baker); ^pīstrīnum, molae,^ mill; ^mola,^ millstone ^farīna,^ flour ^palea,^ chaff ^strāmentum,^ straw, litter *8.3* ^pecus (/n/ -oris),^ herd, cattle ^pecus (/f/ -udis),^ head of cattle, beast ^pecuāria,^ breeding of cattle; ^pecuārius,^ cattle-breeder; ^pecuāria^ (/P/), herds of cattle ^bōs,^ ox, cow; /adj./ ^boārius, bovillus; iuvencus,^ bullock, ox; ^iuvenca, būcula,^ heifer; ^taurus,^ bull; ^vacca,^ cow; ^vitulus,^ calf (^vitulīna,^ veal) ^lac,^ milk; /adj./ ^lacteus^; ^cāseus,^ cheese ^mūgīre,^ low, bellow; /noun/ ^mūgītus^ ^praesźpe,^ stable, stall, pen ^stabulum,^ stable ^būbīle,^ stall for oxen ^saeptum, saepīmentum,^ fence *8.4* ^grex,^ flock; ^ovīle,^ sheepfold ^ovis,^ sheep; ^āgnus,^ lamb; ^āgna,^ ewe lamb ^ōpiliō,^ shepherd ^lāna,^ wool; /adj./ ^lāneus; vellus,^ fleece ^ariźs,^ ram ^vervźx,^ wether ^caper,^ /f/ ^capra,^ goat; ^hircus,^ he-goat; ^haedus,^ kid ^porcus,^ pig; ^verrźs,^ male swine; ^porca,^ sow, /adj./ ^porcīnus;^ ^porcīna^ /f/, pork ^subulcus,^ swineherd ^perna,^ ham ^lārdum,^ bacon ^hara,^ pigsty QV: domestic quadrupeds, 21.2 QV: domestic birds, 21.5 *8.5* ^pascere,^ pasture, feed; ^pāstus,^ feeding; fodder; pasture; ^vźscī,^ feed on; ^pāscua,^ pasture ^sagīna,^ feeding, fodder, fatted animal; /verb/ ^sagīnāre^ ^pāstor,^ herdsman; /adjs./ ^pāstōrālis, pāstōricius^ ^grāmen,^ grass, pasture; /adj./ ^grāmineus^ ^prātum,^ meadow; ^fźnum,^ hay ^falx,^ sickle ^fźnīlia,^ hayloft +9 SEA, RIVER, ETC.+ *9.1* ^mare,^ sea ^aequor,^ /poet./ ^pontus^ /and/ ^pelagus^ /n/, sea ^marīnus, maritimus,^ of the sea; ^trānsmarīnus,^ across the sea ^altum,^ high sea, deep; $in a.[ltum] prōvehī$, sail out to sea ^Ōceanus,^ ocean ^ōra,^ coast ^lītus,^ shore ^acta,^ beach ^aestus,^ tide, surge ^unda, flūctus,^ wave; ^flūctuāre,^ wave, undulate ^salum,^ movement of sea; $s.[alum] aerumnōsum$, sea of troubles ^gurges, vorāgō,^ whirlpool ^vertex,^ /older/ ^vortex,^ eddy; /adj./ ^vorticōsus^ ^spūma,^ foam; /verb/ ^spūmāre,^ foam, cover with foam; /adjs./ ^spūmeus, spūmōsus^ ^aqua,^ water; /adjs./ ^aquārius,^ water-; ^aquōsus,^ rainy, moist; ^aquātilis,^ living in water; ^aquārī,^ fetch water; /nouns/ ^aquātiō, aquātor^ ^āridus, siccus,^ dry; ^ārźre,^ be dry; ^siccāre, exārźscere,^ dry up ^ūmidus,^ moist; /noun/ ^ūmor^; ^ūvidus,^ /poet./, soaked; ^madidus,^ dripping; ^madźre,^ drip ^mānāre,^ drip, flow ^rōrāre,^ drip, trickle ^stīllāre,^ drip, let drip ^imbuere, madefacere, perfundere,^ wet (/trans./) ^irrigāre,^ water, irrigate; /noun/ ^irrigātiō^ ^alluere,^ wash, bathe ^inundāre,^ inundate, overflow; /noun/ ^inundātiō^ ^źluviō,^ inundation ^vapor,^ steam; /verb/ ^vapōrāre^ *9.2* ^flūmen,^ stream; $flūmine adversō$, up-stream; $flūmine secundō$, down-stream; $pedibus f.[lūmen] trānsīre$, ford a s.[tream]; /adj./ ^flūmineus,^ /poet./ ^amnis, fluvius,^ river; /adjs./ ^fluviātilis, fluviālis^ ^canālis,^ canal, channel ^fluere,^ flow; ^dźfluere,^ flow down or towards ^confluźns,^ confluence of two rivers ^pōns,^ bridge; $pontem in flūmine facere$, throw a b.[ridge] over a river; $pontem interrumpere, rescindere$ /or/ $interscindere$, break down b.[ridge] ^rīvus,^ brook, stream; /diminutive/ ^rīvulus^ ^torrźns,^ torrent ^fōns,^ spring, fountain; /diminutive/ ^fonticulus^ ^salientźs,^ fountains, springs ^caput,^ source (/rarely/ mouth) of river ^vadum,^ shallow water, shoal, ford; $flūmen vadō trānsīre$, ford a river; /adj./ ^vadōsus,^ shallow ^rīpa,^ bank; /diminutive/ ^rīpula^ ^sinus,^ bay ^aestuārium,^ estuary ^fretum, eurīpus,^ strait, channel ^lacus,^ lake, pond ^puteus,^ well; ^puteal,^ curb of well ^haurīre,^ draw (water); /noun/ ^haustus^ ^exhaurīre,^ draw out, drain off *9.3 transport by water* ^rźs nauticae,^ naval matters ^nāvis, nāvigium,^ ship; /dim./ ^nāvicula^ ^nāvis onerāria,^ merchant vessel, transport ^lembus,^ yacht, cutter; ^āctuāria, celōx,^ swift sailing vessel, cutter; ^phasźlus,^ light vessel; ^scapha,^ boat; ^linter,^ row-boat; ^ratis,^ raft, pontoon ^rźmus,^ oar; $rźmīs incumbere, nāvem rźmīs prōpellere$, row; $rźmīs concitāre, incitāre nāvźs rźmīs$, row hard ^rźmex,^ rower; ^rźmigium,^ rowing, oars, oarsmen; ^rźmigāre,^ row ^scalmus,^ rowlock ^trānstrum,^ bench for rowers ^birźmis, trirźmis, quadrirźmis,^ vessels with two, three, four banks of oars ^cōnscźnsiō in nāvźs,^ embarkation ^źgressus, źscźnsiō,^ landing (from ship) ^portus,^ harbour, haven; $portum petere, capere$, make land; $in portum venīre$, enter h.[arbour]; $in portum pervenīre$ /or/ $sź recipere$ /or/ $portum tenźre$, reach h.[arbour]; $in portū stāre$, ride at anchor ^mōlźs,^ mole ^iactārī tempestāte,^ be tossed about by storm ^nāvis afflīcta^ /or/ ^afflīctāta,^ damaged ship ^naufragium,^ shipwreck; $n.[aufragium] facere$, be shipwrecked; $naufragiō perīre$ /or/ $interīre$, be lost in s.[hipwreck]; ^nāvis frangitur^ /or/ ^dźperit,^ ship founders; ^naufragus, źiectus in lītus^ /or/ ^in lītore,^ shipwrecked *9.4 navigation* ^ars gubernandī,^ navigation ^nāvigāre,^ sail, navigate; /noun/ ^nāvigātiō,^ voyage, travelling by sea ^źvehī, in altum prōvehī,^ put or sail out to sea ^ōram legere,^ sail along the coast ^applicāre (sc. nāvem) ad terram,^ steer to shore ^dźferrī, fluitāre,^ drift ^nauarchus,^ captain of ship ^nauta,^ /poet./ ^nāvita,^ sailor ^homō maritimus,^ seaman ^gubernātor,^ pilot, mate, helmsman; ^gubernāre,^ steer; ^gubernāculum,^ helm ^mālus,^ mast ^vźlum, linteum,^ sail; $vźla dare, pandere$, set sail; $vźla contrahere$, reef sails ^armāmenta^ /P/, tackle, rigging; ^fūnis,^ rope; ^ancorāle,^ cable ^prōra,^ prow; ^rōstrum,^ beak, ram ^alveus,^ hull of ship ^carīna,^ keel; /poet./ ship ^puppis,^ poop, stern (/also/ ship) ^ancora,^ anchor; $ancoram iacere$, cast a.[nchor]; $a.[ncoram] tollere$ /or/ $mōlīrī$, weigh a.[nchor], set sail; $stāre$ /or/ $cōnsistere in ancorīs$, ride at a.[nchor] *9.5 fleet* ^classis,^ fleet; $classem īnstruere$, draw up f.[leet]; $classī pūgnāre$, fight a naval battle; /adj./ ^classicus;^ ^nāvis longa,^ man-of-war ^nāvibus plūrimum posse,^ have a powerful fleet ^praefectus classis,^ commander, admiral; ^nāvis praetōria,^ flagship ^classicī mīlitźs, classiāriī,^ marines ^mīlitźs in nāvźs impōnere,^ put s.[oldiers] on board, embark s.[oldiers]; $m.[īlitźs] (ex nāvibus) expōnere (in terram, in terrā, in lītora)$, land or disembark soldiers ^proelium nāvāle, pūgna nāvālis,^ sea fight ^nāvem expedīre,^ clear the decks for action ^classźs concurrunt,^ the fleets charge; ^concursus,^ collision, shock ^manūs ferreae, cōpulae, harpagō,^ grappling irons ^in nāvem trānscendere, nāvem expūgnāre,^ board a ship ^nāvem rōstrō percutere,^ ram a ship ^nāvem dźmergere, submergere, dźprimere,^ sink a ship; /usu. in past part./ $submersus$; ^sź mergere^ /or/ ^mergī,^ sink (/intrans./) ^nāvem in lītus agere,^ drive a ship on shore QV: transport by water, 9.3, 9.4 *9.6 clean/unclean* ... clean, pure ... ^pūrus,^ clean, spotless ^mundus,^ clean, neat ^incorruptus, integer,^ unspoilt, pure; /noun/ ^integritās^ ^lavāre,^ wash; ^lābrum,^ bath ^tergźre,^ wipe, clean ^mantźle,^ towel ^pūrgāre, expūrgāre,^ clean, purify ... unclean, soil ... ^immundus, impūrus, spurcus,^ unclean; /noun/ ^impūritās;^ /verb/ ^spurcāre,^ defile ^luteus, lutulentus,^ filthy ^lutum,^ mud; ^līmus,^ slime, mire; /adj./ ^limōsus;^ ^caenum,^ mire, filth; ^illuviźs,^ dirt, filth ^macula,^ stain, blemish; /verb/ ^maculāre;^ /adj./ ^maculōsus^ ^situs,^ dirt, mould, rust ^sordźre,^ be dirty; /noun/ ^sordźs;^ /adj./ ^sordidus^ ^squālźre,^ be dirty; /noun/ ^squālor;^ /adj./ ^squālidus^ ^contāmināre, inquināre, oblinere, polluere, turpāre,^ defile, soil, besmirch ^imbuere,^ taint ^īnficere,^ spoil, infect ^contāctus,^ defiled, infected ^dźprāvāre,^ pervert, corrupt; /noun/ ^dźprāvātiō^ *9.7 liquid, oily* ^liquźre,^ be liquid; /noun/ ^liquor;^ ^liquidus,^ liquid, clear; ^liquefacere,^ melt; ^liquźscere,^ grow liquid, melt ^fluere,^ flow; ^cōnfluere,^ flow together; ^dźfluere,^ flow down; ^effluere,^ flow forth ^fundere,^ pour; ^cōnfundere,^ pour together; ^diffundere,^ pour out or forth; ^effundere,^ pour forth ^oleum,^ oil; /adj./ ^oleārius^ ^lūbricus,^ slippery ^linere, oblinere,^ smear ^ung(u)ere,^ anoint, smear; ^unguentum,^ ointment, salve; ^ūnctiō,^ anointing; ^ūnctor,^ anointer ^dźlibūtus,^ smeared, anointed ^gutta,^ drop (thin and clear); ^stīlla,^ drop (thick and viscous) QV: wet, drip, 9.1 +10 SKY+ *10 sky* ^aethźr,^ (pure upper) air, ether; /adj./ ^aetherius;^ ^āźr,^ (lower) air ^anima,^ air (as element) ^aura,^ air; /P poet./, sky ^caelum,^ heaven, sky; $serźnum c.[aelum]$, clear sky; ^caelestis,^ heavenly, of the sky ^sub dīvō,^ under the open sky ^caelestia^ /P/, heavenly bodies ^stźlla,^ /poet./ ^astrum,^ star; ^stźlla errāns^ /or/ ^inerrāns,^ planet; ^sphaera,^ orbit of planet; ^trāiectiō stźllae,^ shooting star; ^stźllāns, stźllātus,^ starry ^sīdus,^ star, constellation; /adj./ ^sīdereus^ ^sīgnum,^ constellation ^lūna,^ moon; $l.[ūna] plźna$, full m.[oon]; $l.[ūna] nova$, new m.[oon]; $dźfectiō lūnae$, eclipse of the m.[oon]; $dźfectus lūnae$, waning of m.[oon]; /adjs./ ^lūnāris,^ moon-, ^lūnātus,^ crescent-shaped ^vesper,^ evening star ^lūcifer^ /m G/ ^-erī^, morning star ^comźtźs,^ comet; ^crīnis,^ tail of comet; ^fax caelestis^ /or/ ^caelī,^ meteor ^caelī interpres,^ astronomer ^mōtūs stźllārum observāre,^ observe the movements of the stars ^sōl,^ sun, heat of sun; ^lūx, lūx sōlis,^ /or/ ^sōl,^ sunlight; $obscūrātiō$ /or/ $dźfectiō sōlis$, eclipse of the sun ^calor,^ warmth; /adj./ ^calidus;^ /verbs/ ^calźre,^ be hot; ^calefacere,^ make hot ^ārdor,^ heat; /verb/ ^ārdźre^ ^aestus,^ heat, glow; /adj./ ^aestuōsus;^ /verb/ ^aestuāre^ ^orīrī,^ rise; ^sōl oriźns^ /or/ ^sōlis ortus,^ sunrise ^occidere,^ set; ^sōl occidźns^ /or/ ^sōlis occāsus,^ sunset ^obitus,^ setting (of heavenly bodies) ^aprīcus,^ sunny; ^aprīcārī,^ take the sun, bask ^obscūrus, opācus,^ dark, dusky, shady; ^obscūrum,^ darkness, shade; ^opācāre,^ cast shade on QV: heat, 15; light, 16 +11 SEASONS, WINDS, WEATHER+ *11.1 season* ^vźr,^ spring; /adj./ ^vernus^ ^aestās,^ summer; $a.[estās] media$, mid-summer; $summā aestāte$, at the height of summer; /adj./ ^aestīvus;^ $aestīva tempora$, summer time ^autumnus,^ autumn; /adj./ ^autumnālis^ ^hiemps,^ winter; $initā hieme$, at the beginning of w.[inter]; $summā hieme$, in the depth of w.[inter]; $ante exāctam hiemem$, before the end of w.[inter]; $iam prope hieme cōnfectā$, when w.[inter] was nearly over; /adj./ ^hībernus^ *11.2 winds* ^ventus,^ wind; $v.[entus] secundus$, favourable w.[ind]; $v.[entus] adversus$, unfavourable w.[ind]; $v.[entus] remissus$, gentle w.[ind]; $vīs ventōrum$, fierce wind; /adj./ ^ventōsus^ ^anima, aura,^ breeze ^etźsiae,^ winds, during dog-days ^flāre,^ blow; /noun/ ^flātus,^ blast, wind ^septentriōnźs ventī, septentriō,^ north wind ^boreās,^ north-east wind ^aquilō,^ north wind (stricly NNE.) ^caurus^ /or/ ^cōrus,^ north-west wind ^auster,^ /poet./ ^notus,^ south wind; ^austrālis,^ southern ^eurus,^ south-east wind; ^eurōus,^ eastern ^vulturnus ventus,^ ESE. wind ^favōnius,^ /poet./ ^zephyrus,^ west wind *11.3 weather* ^caelum,^ climate, weather; $temperātiō caeli$, moderate climate ^tempestās,^ weather; $t.[empestās] bona, źgregia, serźna, serźnitās caelī$, fine weather; $t.[empestās] turbida, turbulenta$, rough, stormy weather; ^commūtātiō caelī,^ change of weather ^sūdum,^ bright weather ^tranquillitās, tranquillum,^ calmness, calm ^malacia,^ calm (at sea) ^nūbźs, nimbus,^ cloud; /diminutive/ ^nūbźcula;^ /adj./ ^nūbilus^ ^nūbila^ /P/, clouds ^nebula,^ mist, fog ^cālīgō,^ dense fog; /adj./ ^cālīginōsus^ ^pluvia,^ rain; ^imber,^ heavy rain; $assiduī imbrźs$, steady downpour; ^pluit,^ it rains; ^pluvius, pluviālis,^ rainy; $aquae pluviae$, rainwater QV: wet, 9.1 ^tempestās, procella, turbō,^ storm; $tempestās cooritur$, a s.[torm] rises ^imprōvīsus,^ unforeseen ^subitus,^ sudden ^arcus (pluvius),^ rainbow ^rōs,^ dew; $rōrźs$, dewdrops; /adj./ ^rōscidus;^ ^rōrāre,^ drop dew ^ningit,^ it snows; ^nix,^ snow; /adjs./ ^niveus, nivālis^ ^pruīna,^ hoar-frost ^grandō,^ hail, hailstorm ^frīgus, gelū,^ frost, cold; $vīs frīgoris$, keen frost; ^frīgźre,^ freeze; /adjs./ ^frīgidus, gelidus^ ^glaciźs,^ ice; /adj./ ^glaciālis^ ^stīria,^ icicle ^gelāre, glaciāre,^ freeze (/trans./); /impers./ ^gelat,^ it freezes ^tonat,^ it thunders; /noun/ ^tonitrus^ /or/ ^tonitrum^ ^fulgur,^ lightning; /verb/ ^fulgźre^ ^fulmen,^ thunderbolt, flash ^ictus ź caelō, dź caelō percussus, fulmine^ /or/ ^dź caelō tāctus,^ struck by lightning +12-20 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES+ QV: sound, 13; sight, 14; heat, 15; light, 16; size, 17; weight, 19 *12.1 shape and consistency* ^fōrma, figūra, speciźs,^ shape; /verbs/ ^fōrmāre, fingere, figūrāre, cōnfōrmāre, īnfōrmāre^ ^cōnfōrmātiō,^ shaping ^multifōrmis,^ of many shapes ^īnfōrmis,^ shapeless, misshapen ^dźfōrmis, prāvus, distortus,^ misshapen, deformed; /nouns/ ^dźfōrmitās, prāvitās;^ /verb/ ^dźfōrmāre^ ^longus,^ long; /noun/ ^longitūdō^ ^brevis,^ short; /noun/ ^brevitās^ QV: high, low, 5.4 ^lātus, amplus, capāx,^ wide; /nouns/ ^lātitūdō, amplitūdō^ ^angustus, artus,^ narrow; ^coartāre,^ compress QV: large, small, 17.1 ^crassus,^ thick, coarse; /noun/ ^crassitūdō^ ^tenuis,^ thin; /noun/ ^tenuitās;^ /verb/ ^extenuāre^ ^dźnsus, spissus,^ thick, dense; /verb/ ^spissāre^ ^rārus,^ of loose texture, thin; /noun/ ^rāritās^ ^rźctus, dźrźctus,^ straight; /adv./ ^rźctā (sc. viā),^ straight on, directly; ^linea,^ line; ^perpendiculum,^ plumb-line; $ad p.[erpendiculum]$, perpendicularly ^prāvus, curvus, incurvus,^ crooked; /noun/ ^prāvitās;^ /verbs/ ^curvāre, incurvāre^ ^aduncus,^ hooked ^cavus, concavus,^ hollow, concave; /verb/ ^cavāre^ ^convexus,^ rounded, convex, concave ^quadrātus,^ square; /noun/ ^quadrātum^ ^rotundus, teres,^ round ^circulus,^ circle ^orbis,^ anything round (circle, etc.) ^g~yrus,^ circle ^globus,^ ball; /adj./ ^globōsus^ ^centrum, media pars,^ centre ^radius,^ radius (of circle) ^circinus,^ pair of compasses ^acūtus,^ sharp; /verb/ ^acuere^ ^hebes, retūsus,^ blunt; /verbs/ ^hebźre,^ be blunt; ^hebetāre, retundere,^ blunt ... senses ... ^sźnsus,^ sense, sensation, feeling; ^ea quae subiecta sunt sźnsibus,^ what can be perceived by the senses ^sentīre,^ feel, perceive, be sensible of *12.2 touch* ^tāctus,^ sense of touch, act of touching ^tangere, contingere, tractāre, attrectāre, contrectāre,^ touch; ^pertractāre,^ feel all over; /noun/ ^tractātiō,^ touching; /adj./ ^tractābilis^ ^dūrus,^ hard; /noun/ ^dūritia;^ /verbs/ ^dūrāre, obdūrźscere^ ^mollis,^ soft; /noun/ ^mollitia, mollitiźs;^ /verb/ ^mollīre,^ soften; ^mollźscere,^ grow soft ^tener,^ tender, soft; /noun/ ^teneritās^ ^solidus,^ firm, hard; ^solidum,^ firmness ^fīrmus,^ firm; /nouns/ ^fīrmitās, fīrmitūdō^ ^rigidus,^ stiff; ^rigźre,^ be stiff; ^rigźscere,^ become stiff ^flaccidus, fluidus,^ flabby ^asper,^ rough; /noun/ ^asperitās;^ /verb/ ^exasperāre^ ^horridus,^ rough, prickly ^lźvis,^ smooth; /noun/ ^lźvitās^ ... touch lightly, touch upon ... ^tangere,^ touch upon, refer to ^rādere,^ touch, graze, pass close by /Actg/ ^orātiōne percurrere,^ touch upon ^stringere,^ touch lightly; ^strictim,^ superficially, summarily ^perstringere, trānsīre,^ touch upon *12.3 smell* ^odōrātus,^ sense of smell, act of smelling ^odor,^ smell (good or bad); $o.[dor] suāvis$, /or/ $iūcundus$, fragrance, scent; $o.[dor] taeter$ /or/ $gravis$, /or/ $fźtor$, bad smell; /adj./ ^fźtidus^ ^olźre, redolźre,^ smell of; $nihil olźre$, have no smell; ^olfacere,^ smell, follow a scent ^nīdor,^ smell (of things burnt, singed, cooked) ^pūtźre,^ stink *12.4 taste* ^gustātus,^ sense of taste ^sapor,^ taste, flavour; $sine sapōre$, tasteless ^gustāre,^ taste; $prīmīs labrīs g.[ustāre]$, get a slight taste of; ^sapere,^ have a taste ^dulcis, suāvis,^ sweet, agreeable; /nouns/ ^dulcźdō, dulcitūdō^ ^palātō iūcundus,^ toothsome, palatable ^acerbus,^ harsh, sour; /intensive/ ^peracerbus;^ /noun/ ^acerbitās^ ^acidus,^ sour, tart; ^acźscere,^ grow sour; ^salsus,^ salt (/adj./); ^amārus,^ bitter +13 SOUND+ *13.1* ^sźnsus aurium,^ (sense of) hearing ^sonus, sonitus,^ sound; $sonum percipere$, hear a s.[ound]; $sonōs fundere$, utter s.[ounds]; /verb/ ^sonāre,^ emit a s.[ound], utter, call, sing, cause to s.[ound]; ^personāre,^ resound, ring with, echo with; ^resonāre,^ resound, re-echo ^clārus,^ loud, distinct; /noun/ ^clāritās^ ^argūtus,^ shrill, distinct, murmuring, rattling, etc. ^acūtus,^ high; ^gravis,^ low ^tacitus, silźns,^ noiseless, silent ^clangor,^ noise (espec. of birds) ^strepitus,^ din; /verb/ ^strepere^ ^strīdor,^ harsh sound; /verb/ ^strīdźre, strīdere,^ hiss, creak, rattle, buzz ^crepitus,^ rattling, etc., sound; /verb/ ^crepāre, crepitāre, increpāre^ ^tinnīre,^ clink, jingle; ^tintinnābulum,^ bell ^sībilus,^ whistling; /verb/ ^sībilāre^ ^fremitus,^ roaring sound; /verb/ ^fremere^ ^fragor,^ crash, din ^mūgītus,^ roaring, crashing sound; /verb/ ^mūgīre^ ^murmur,^ humming, roaring, growling sound; /verb/ ^murmurāre^ ^gemitus,^ sigh, groan, moan; /verb/ ^gemere, ingemīscere^ ^gemere,^ /also/ roar, creak QV: voice, speech, 41 ^audītus,^ sense of hearing; /verb/ ^audīre, exaudīre^ ^auribus percipere,^ hear ^aurem^ /or/ ^aurźs admovźre^ /D/, /or/ ^aurźs praebźre,^ lend an ear ^auscultāre,^ listen *13.2 music* ^mūsica, mūsicź, mūsica^ /P/, music; /adj./ ^mūsicus,^ /as noun/, musician ^modus,^ melody, harmony, rhythm; /espec. in P/, tune, strain ^numerus,^ musical measure, harmony; ^numerōsus,^ rhythmical ^harmonia,^ harmony ^canōrus,^ melodious, sweet-sounding ^absonus,^ discordant ^tībia,^ flute; ^tībīcen^ (/m/), ^tībīcina^ (/f/), flute-player ^cithara,^ lute; ^fidźs^ (/P/), ^lyra,^ lute, lyre; $fidibus discere, docźre$, learn, teach the l.; $fidibus canere$, play the l.; ^fidicen,^ lute-player ^psallere,^ play on the cithara ^plectrum,^ quill ^fistula,^ reed pipe ^cymbalum,^ cymbal ^tympanum,^ tambourine ^tuba,^ (straight) trumpet; ^tubīcen,^ trumpeter ^būcina, cornū,^ (curved) trumpet; ^cornicen,^ horn-blower ^lituus,^ curved trumpet (of cavalry); ^liticen,^ trumpeter ^classicum,^ trumpet signal QV: song, 41.13 +14 SIGHT+ *14.1* ^sźnsus videndī^ /or/ ^oculōrum, aspectus,^ (sense of) sight ^vīsus,^ sight, vision; look, glance ^vidźre,^ see; $bene oculīs v.[idźre]$, have good sight; $ācrius v.[idźre]$, have keen sight; ^cernere,^ see (distinctly); $parum acūtź c.[ernere]$, have poor sight ^oculī ācrźs atque acūtī,^ keen sight; ^aciźs,^ sharpness of sight ^cōnspicere, dispicere, cōnspicārī, oculīs percipere,^ see, behold; ^cōnspectus,^ view, range of sight, attention; $venīre in cōnspectum$, come into sight; $ź cōnspectū abīre$, go out of sight; ^cōnspicuus,^ visible ^prōspicere, prōspectāre,^ look out; $longź$ /or/ $multum prōspicere$, have an extensive prospect; ^prōspectus,^ view, prospect, sight ^spectāre,^ see (as a spectator), gaze at; ^spectāculum,^ spectacle, sight, show; /Dpn/ $s.[pectāculum] praebźre, s.[pectāculum]$ (/or/ $spectāculō$) $esse$, present a sight; ^spectātor,^ onlooker, witness; ^speculāre,^ look round, spy out, watch ^aspicere, respicere, vīsere,^ look at, regard; /nouns/ ^aspectus,^ look, appearance, sight; $quae sub aspectum veniunt$ /or/ $cadunt$, all things visible; ^respectus,^ looking back or about ^tuźrī,^ look at, watch ^intuźrī, contuźrī,^ look at or towards, consider; $rźctīs oculīs intuźrī$, look at with unyielding glance ^obtūtus,^ contemplation, look ^contemplārī,^ view attentively, survey; /noun/ ^contemplātiō^ ^aspectāre,^ look at intently ^intrōspicere, perspicere, īnspectāre,^ look on, examine, inspect, consider ^collūstrāre,^ look at from all sides ^oculum^ (/or/ ^oculōs^) ^adicere^ /D or/ ^ad^ /Ac/, turn the eyes to, contemplate ^oculōs in^ /Ac/ ^dźfīgere,^ fix one's eyes on ^oculōs in^ /Ac/ ^conicere,^ look at *14.2 in/out of sight* ... in sight; display, search for, find ... ^praesźns,^ present ^cōram, palam,^ openly; $cōram adesse$, be present; $cōram$ /with Ab/, in the presence of ^īnspectantibus nōbīs,^ before our eyes ^vulgō,^ openly, publicly, before all the world ^in medium venīre^ /or/ ^prōcźdere, prōcźdere in sōlem et pulverem,^ appear in public ^habitāre oculīs, vīvere in oculīs cīvium,^ be in the public eye ^in ōre omnium cottīdiź versārī,^ be always in the public eye ^haerźre in oculīs,^ be ever before the eyes ^scaenae servīre,^ live in the public eye ... ... ^patźre,^ stand, lie, be open ^exhibźre, mōnstrāre, ostendere, ostentāre, explicāre, exprōmere, indicāre, ante oculōs^ /or/ ^in oculīs pōnere, praeferre, prōdere,^ show, display ^prae sź ferre^ /or/ ^gerere^ /Actg./, manifest, display ^repraesentāre,^ show, display, represent ^patefacere, reclūdere, in aspectum lūcemque prōferre, prōmere, dźtegere, retegere,^ reveal, throw open, disclose, bring to light; /noun/ ^patefactiō^ ^appārźre, compārźre, sź offerre^ /Dpn/, ^in medium prōcźdere, prōdīre,^ appear ^dīlūcźre, źlūcźre,^ be clear ^aperīre,^ open, reveal; ^apertus,^ open, uncovered ^quaerere, conquīrere, exquīrere, inquīrere, requīrere, petere,^ seek, search for; ^perquīrere, petessere,^ search keenly for; /nouns/ ^conquīsītiō, inquīsītiō^ ^explōrāre,^ try to find out ^scrūtārī,^ look through, examine ^vestīgāre,^ track, seek out ^repetere,^ seek again ^invenīre, reperīre,^ find; ^inventiō,^ invention ^recuperāre,^ recover; /noun/ ^recuperātiō^ ... out of sight; hide, lose ... ^absźns,^ absent ^clam, clanculum,^ secretly; /with Ab/, without the knowledge of, unknown to ^fūrtim,^ stealthily ^latźre, latitāre,^ lie hid; /noun/ ^latibulum, latebrae,^ hiding-place; ^latebrōsus,^ full of hiding-places ^dźlitźscere,^ hide (/intrans./) ^cźlāre, dissimulāre, occulere, abdere, abstrūdere, contegere, obtegere,^ hide (/trans./); /noun/ ^occultum,^ hiding-place ^recondere,^ stow away, hide, conceal ^abscondere,^ put out of the way, hide (carefully) ^fūrārī,^ remove secretly ^operīre, tegere, prōtegere,^ cover, keep secret; ^cooperīre,^ cover completely ^rźs opertae,^ secrets ^integumentum,^ cover, cloak ^vźlāre,^ veil, conceal ^abditus, abstrūsus, clandestīnus, fūrtīvus, occultus,^ concealed, secret ^reconditus,^ hidden, sequestered, abstruse ^sźcrźtus,^ remote, secret; /noun/ ^sźcrźtum,^ solitude; secret ^recessus, sźcessus,^ hidden place, retreat ^źvānźscere,^ disappear ^remōtus,^ distant, remote ^arcānus,^ hidden, secret; /noun/ ^arcānum,^ secret ^āmittere,^ lose; /noun/ ^āmissiō^ ^perdere, dźperdere,^ lose (through my fault) *14.3 beautiful/ugly* ... beautiful, charming ... ^pulcher,^ beautiful, fine; /noun/ ^pulchritūdō^ ^fōrma,^ (personal) beauty; /adj./ ^fōrmōsus,^ /noun/ ^fōrmōsitās^ ^speciźs,^ beauty; /adj./ ^speciōsus^ ^nitźns,^ brilliant, beautiful ^candidus,^ fair; /noun/ ^candor^ ^venustus,^ comely, charming, winsome, graceful; /noun/ ^venustās^ ^concinnus,^ pretty, dainty, graceful ^dulcis, blandus,^ pleasant, charming; ^dulcźdō,^ charm; ^blandior,^ allure, attract ^lepor,^ charm, agreeableness; /adj./ ^lepidus,^ of charming manners, graceful ^bellus,^ pretty, charming, elegant ^aureolus, dźlicātus,^ charming, delightful ^exquīsītus,^ choice, excellent ^amoenus,^ lovely, delightful, picturesque (espec. of scenery, e.g. $loca amoena$); /noun/ ^amoenitās^ ^laetus,^ delightful, pleasing ^ōrnāre, adōrnāre, exōrnāre, decorāre, expolīre, illūmināre, polīre,^ adorn, embellish; /nouns/ ^ōrnāmentum,^ ornament; ^ōrnātus,^ ornament (collective); ^exōrnātiō, decus,^ ornament, embellishment; ^expolītiō,^ embellishing ^commendāre,^ make agreeable, grace; /noun/ ^commendātiō^ ... ugly ... ^dźfōrmis,^ ugly; /noun/ ^dźfōrmitās^ ^īnfōrmis,^ hideous ^taeter,^ revolting ^turpis,^ ugly, foul ^foedus,^ disgusting, loathsome; /noun/ ^foeditās^ ^obscźnus,^ ugly, filthy ^squālidus,^ dirty, ugly ^dźfōrmāre,^ disfigure, mar ^foedāre,^ make foul, defile, pollute ^commaculāre,^ soil, defile ^inquināre,^ soil, stain, besmirch ^īnfuscāre,^ disfigure *14.4 colour* ^color,^ colour; /verb/ ^colōrāre^ ^pīgmentum,^ colour, paint ^pingere,^ paint; ^pictor,^ painter; ^pictūra,^ (art of) painting, picture; ^tabula (picta),^ picture ^tingere, īnficere, sufficere,^ dye; ^īnfector,^ dyer ^fūcāre,^ dye, paint; ^fūcātus, fūcōsus,^ painted ^suffundere,^ tinge, colour ^albus,^ (dull) white; ^candidus, candźns,^ (glossy) white; /verbs/ ^albźre,^ be white; ^albźscere,^ become white ^nivālis, niveus,^ snow-white ^candor,^ whiteness ^āter,^ (dull) black; ^niger,^ (glossy) black ^caeruleus,^ /poet./ ^caerulus,^ azure, dark-blue ^caesius, glaucus,^ bluish grey ^līvidus,^ bluish, of leaden colour ^ruber, rūfus,^ red; /noun/ ^rubor; pūniceus^ scarlet ^ferrūgō,^ dark-red colour ^fūcus,^ red or purple colour ^purpura,^ crimson (colour); /adj./ ^purpureus,^ crimson, reddish, brownish ^viola,^ violet colour ^spādīx,^ chestnut brown ^roseus,^ rose-coloured, rosy ^viridis,^ green; /verb/ ^virźre,^ be green ^rutilus,^ red, golden yellow; /verb/ ^rutilāre^ ^flāvus,^ /poet./ ^flāvźns,^ (golden) yellow ^lūteus, croceus,^ saffron yellow, golden yellow ^lūridus, gilvus,^ pale yellow ^fulvus,^ (deep) yellow, tawny ^rāvus,^ greyish yellow, tawny ^fuscus,^ dark, tawny ^pullus,^ dark grey, blackish ^discolor,^ of different colour(s) ^varius, versicolor,^ many-coloured; /noun/ ^varietās^ QV: colours of charioteers, 35.5 +15 HEAT+ ^calor,^ heat; /adj./ ^calidus;^ /verb/ ^calźre,^ be hot; ^calefacere,^ make hot; ^calźscere,^ grow hot; ^concalefacere,^ heat thoroughly; ^concalźscere,^ grow thoroughly hot; ^recalźscere,^ grow hot again ^candźre,^ glow ^ārdor,^ (burning) heat; /verb/ ^ārdźre,^ be on fire ^fervor,^ (glowing) heat; /adj./ ^fervźns, fervidus;^ /verb/ ^fervźre^ ^aestus,^ (excessive) heat; /adj./ ^aestuōsus;^ /verb/ ^aestuāre,^ feel hot ^tepor,^ lukewarmness; /adj./ ^tepidus;^ ^tepźre,^ be lukewarm ^tepefacere,^ make warm; ^tepźscere,^ become warm ^flābellum,^ fan ^frīgus, gelū,^ cold; ^frīgidus,^ cold; ^gelidus,^ (icy) cold; /verb/ ^frīgźre,^ be cold; ^refrīgerāre,^ grow cold, cool; ^gelāre, congelāre,^ freeze (/trans./) ^algźre,^ feel cold; /noun/ ^algor^ ^īgnis,^ fire; ^īgniculus,^ little fire, spark; /adj./ ^īgneus^ ^flamma,^ flame; /adj./ ^flammeus;^ ^scintilla,^ spark; ^fūmus,^ smoke; /verb/ ^fūmāre;^ /adj./ ^fūmidus, fūmōsus;^ ^cinis,^ ashes; ^favilla,^ glowing ashes, hot cinders; ^fūlīgō,^ soot ^focus,^ hearth ^fornāx,^ stove ^camīnus,^ stove, fire ^accendere, incendere, īnflammāre,^ set on fire, light; ^incźnsiō, īnflammātiō,^ burning ^succendere,^ light from below ^incendium,^ fire, conflagration; $i.[ncendium] facere$, set fire ^cōnflagrāre,^ be burnt up; /noun/ ^cōnflagrātiō^ ^tźctīs īgnźs īnferre,^ set fire to houses ^īgnem comprehendere, flammam concipere,^ catch fire ^ūrere,^ burn, scorch, parch (/trans./); ^adūrere,^ burn, singe; ^ambūrere,^ scorch, singe; ^combūrere, dźūrere, exūrere,^ /or/ ^perūrere,^ burn up, consume; /noun/ ^exūstiō^ ^effervźscere, refervźre, refervźscere,^ boil up ^flagrāre,^ blaze; /noun/ ^flagrantia;^ ^exārdźscere,^ blaze up ^torrźre,^ dry, parch ^exstinguere, restinguere,^ put out; /noun/ ^restīnctiō^ +16 LIGHT+ ^lūmen, lūx,^ light; $adhibźre l.$ /Dtg./, throw light on; /adjs./ ^lūminōsus, lūcidus, dīlūcidus;^ /verbs/ ^īllūmināre,^ light; ^lūcźre,^ shine ^radius,^ ray, beam; ^radiātus,^ beaming ^clārus, illūstris,^ bright; /verbs/ ^clārźre,^ be bright; ^clārāre, illūstrāre,^ make bright ^splendor, nitor,^ brightness; /adj./ ^splendidus, nitidus,^ shining, bright; /verbs/ ^splendźre, nitźre^ and ^splendźscere,^ become bright ^collūcźre,^ shine brightly (/also/ be lit up) ^źnitźre,^ shine forth ^fulgźre,^ flash, gleam; ^micāre,^ glitter, flash ^candźre,^ shine, glisten ^obscūrus,^ dark; /noun/ ^obscūrum;^ /verb/ ^obscūrāre^ ^opācus,^ dark, shady; /verb/ ^opācāre^ ^umbra,^ shade; /verb/ ^obumbrāre;^ /adjs./ ^umbrifer, umbrōsus, umbrātilis^ ^tenebrae,^ darkness; /adj./ ^tenebricōsus;^ ^cālīgō,^ gloom, darkness ^lucerna, lūmen,^ oil lamp ^lanterna,^ lantern, lamp ^lychnus,^ lamp; ^lychnūchus,^ lampstand ^taeda, fax, lampas,^ torch ^fūnāle,^ wax torch QV: sunlight, 10 +17-20 SIZE AND QUANTITY+ QV: shape, 12.1 *17.0* ^quantus?^ how great?; ^tantus,^ so great ^spatium,^ size, bulk, extent ^modus,^ size, quantity ^tantus... quantus...,^ as great... as...^ *17.1 large/small* ... large ... ^māgnus,^ great, large; /adv./ ^māgnopere;^ /noun/ ^māgnitūdō^ ^māgnam partem,^ in great part ^grandis,^ large; ^subgrandis,^ rather large ^amplus,^ great, large, wide, spacious; ^amplitūdō,^ extent, size ^quantuscumque,^ however great ^quantusvīs,^ as large as you like ^laxus, spatiōsus,^ spacious, roomy; /noun/ ^laxitās^ ^immodicus,^ immoderate ^immānis, immźnsus, ingźns, vāstus, źnōrmis,^ huge; /nouns/ ^immānitās, immźnsitās^ ... small ... ^parvus,^ small; /adv./ ^paulum,^ slightly; /diminutive/ ^parvulus^ ^mediocris,^ middling, ordinary; /noun/ ^mediocritās^ ^modicus,^ of a moderate or reasonable size; middling, scanty, small ^aliquantus,^ somewhat, tolerable, not a little ^minūtus,^ small, minute ^exiguus,^ very small, tiny, scanty, trifling; /noun/ ^exiguitās^ ^nūgātōrius,^ trifling, futile ^rźs parva^ /or/ ^levis^ /or/ ^minūta,^ trifle; ^indīviduum,^ atom ^exīlis,^ small, weak, feeble; /noun/ ^exīlitās^ ^pusillus,^ very small, petty, insignificant ^tantulus,^ so trifling, insignificant; /noun/ ^tantulum^ ^nź pilō quidem minus,^ not a hair's breadth less *17.2 larger/smaller* ... larger and largest ... ^māior,^ larger; $nihilō m.[aior]$, no greater; $māior$ (/or/ $māgna$) $pars$, majority; /adv./ ^magis^ ^māiōrem in modum,^ in a higher degree ^augźre,^ make larger, increase ^addere, adicere, adiungere,^ add; /noun/ ^adiectiō^ ^aggregāre,^ add, join with ^exaggerāre, amplificāre,^ increase, amplify; /nouns/ ^amplificātiō, amplificātor^ ^crźscere,^ grow; /noun/ ^incrźmentum^ ^glīscere,^ grow gradually ^anteīre^ /Ac or D/, ^antecźdere^ /Ac or D/, ^antecellere^ /D/, ^excellere^ /Dp/, ^exsuperāre^ /Ac/, ^praecźdere^ /Ac/, ^praecellere^ /Ac/, ^praecurrere^ /Ac/, ^praestāre^ /D/, ^superāre^ /Ac/, ^vincere,^ surpass, excel ^prīmārius,^ chief, excellent ^prīncipālis,^ chief ^praecipuus,^ excellent, extraordinary ^māximus,^ largest; /adv./ ^māximź^ ^māximam partem,^ for the most part ^suprźmus,^ greatest, extreme ... smaller and smallest ... ^minor,^ smaller; /adv./ ^minus^ ^minuere, dźminuere, imminuere, extenuāre,^ make smaller, lessen; /noun/ ^imminūtiō^ ^coartāre,^ compress, contract ^dźcrźscere, minor fierī, minuī,^ grow smaller, decrease ^circumcīdere,^ reduce ^redigere ex^ /Ab/ ^ad^ /Ac/, reduce ^dźterere,^ wear down, reduce ^attenuāre,^ diminish, reduce ^minuere,^ lessen, reduce, restrict ^minimus,^ smallest; /adv./ ^minimź^ QV: growth, 3.2, 3.5 *17.3 much/little* ... much and many ... ^quantum?^ how much?; ^tantum, tantopere,^ so much, so greatly, to such a degree ^quot?^ how many?; ^tot,^ so many ^multus,^ much (/adj./); /noun/ ^multitūdō;^ ^multum^ (/noun and adv./) ^mōlźs,^ heavy mass ^pondus,^ mass ^acervus, cumulus,^ heap, pile; /verbs/ ^coacervāre, cumulāre^ ^congerere, struere,^ heap or pile up; /nouns/ ^congeriźs, struźs,^ pile; ^congestus,^ carrying together ^valdź, admodum, abundź, perquam, summź,^ much, very (/adv./), exceedingly, extremely ^impźnsź,^ greatly, very much ^māgnā ex parte,^ to a great extent ^adeō,^ so much ^multī,^ many; ^plūrimī,^ very many ^nōnnźmō,^ several, many a one ^complūrźs,^ several, very many ^plźrīque,^ most, very many; /adv./ ^plźrumque^ ^māgnā^ /or/ ^māiōre^ /or/ ^māximā ex parte,^ mostly ^in prīmīs,^ chiefly, mainly, specially ^multiplex,^ manifold ... too much ... ^nimis, nimium,^ too much; /also adv./ ^nimius, immodicus,^ excessive ^extrā modum,^ immoderately ^supervacāneus,^ superfluous ^satis superque,^ superabundantly ... more and less, more and fewer ... ^plūs^ (/n/), more; /G/ ^plūris,^ e.g. $plūris tź faciō$, value you more ^amplius,^ more, further, besides ^plūrźs,^ more; $plūrźs sumus quam ...$, we outnumber <^minus^ (/n/), less; /verb/ ^minuere^ ... little and few ... ^tantum ... quantum ...,^ as much ... as ... ^tot ... quot ...,^ as many ... as ... ^totidem,^ just as many ^aliquantus,^ some; /noun/ ^aliquantum,^ a quantity, some amount; /advs./ ^aliquantum, aliquantō^ ^nōn nihil,^ somewhat ^quādam ex parte, ex aliquā parte,^ to some extent ^paulum, paululum,^ a little ^parum,^ only a little ^mediocriter,^ fairly, not very, not much ^paucī,^ few; ^perpaucī,^ very few; /noun/ ^paucitās^ ^ūnus aut alter,^ one or two ^semel aut iterum,^ once or twice ^rārus,^ scattered, far apart; /noun/ ^rāritās^ ^aliquot,^ a few ^ūnus,^ one; $nź ūnus quidem$, not even one, not a single ... too little ... ^parum,^ too little, not enough; /also adv./ ... ... ^minus^ (/n/), less; /verb/ ^minuere^ *17.4 enough/almost* ... enough ... ^satis,^ enough; $s.[atis] superque$, enough and to spare; ^satiāre, saturāre,^ satisfy, sate ^affatim,^ sufficiently, abundantly ^sufficere, suppetere,^ be enough ... almost ... ^paene, ferź, fermź, prope, propemodum,^ almost, nearly ^vix, ferź, fermź^ (/with neg./), scarcely ^vixdum,^ scarcely yet *17.5 all/none* ... all, some ... ^omnis,^ all; $omnźs ad ūnum$, all to a man ^ūniversī,^ all (as a body); /opposite/ ^singulī,^ single, individuals; ^singillātim,^ singly, separately ^cūnctus,^ all (together) ^omnźs rźs, omnia, nihil nōn,^ everything ^aliquis^ (/f/ ^quae^ /or/ ^qua^), ^nesciō quis,^ someone ^ūllus,^ any ^nōnnūllī,^ some ^aliquid,^ something ^quīdam,^ someone, a certain one ^aliī ... aliī ..., partim ..., partim ...,^ some ... others ... ... only, none ... ^sōlus,^ only (/adj./); ^sōlitūdō,^ loneliness; ^sōlitārius,^ lonely, alone ^ūnicus,^ only, sole ^proprius, praecipuus,^ special, particular ^sōlum, tantum, dumtaxat,^ only (/adv./), merely ^nūllus,^ no (/adj./) ^nihil,^ nothing ^nźmō,^ nobody; ^nec quisquam,^ and no one *17.6 whole/part* ... whole ... ^tōtus,^ whole, complete; $ex tōtō$, quite, completely ^plźnus, explźtus, perfectus,^ complete, perfect; /noun/ ^perfectiō;^ ^perficere,^ complete ^solidus,^ complete, entire, whole ^integer,^ whole ^ūniversus^ (e.g. $exercitus$), whole ^tōtum,^ whole (/noun/) ^summa,^ whole (amount); $in summā, in omnī summā$, in all ^omnīnō, penitus, prōrsus, omnī ex parte, rādīcitus^ /or/ ^funditus^ (e.g. $tollere$), ^stirpitus^ (e.g. $extrahere$), wholly, entirely, absolutely ^ferź, fermź,^ quite, entirely, just QV: together and apart, 6.3 ... part ... ^incohātus, imperfectus,^ incomplete ^pars,^ part, share; $māior$ (or $māgna$) $p.[ars]$, majority; /diminutive/ ^particula^ ^ex parte,^ in part ^portiō,^ share, part ^commūnicāre^ /Ac/ ^cum^ /Ab/, share with ^cōnsociāre,^ share; /noun/ ^cōnsociātiō^ ^cōnsors,^ sharing ^partīrī, dispertīre,^ share, divide, distribute ^particeps,^ sharing, partaking; $p.[articeps] sum$, take part; ^participāre,^ share ^partim,^ partly; $partim ..., partim ...$, partly ..., partly ... ^dīvidere,^ divide, distribute; /noun/ ^dīvīsiō;^ ^indīviduus,^ indivisible ^tribuere,^ divide ^dźligere, źligere, sźligere,^ choose, select; /nouns/ ^dźlźctus, źlźctiō, sźlźctiō^ ^discrībere, distribuere,^ divide, distribute, allot; /nouns/ ^discrīptiō, distribūtiō^ ^assīgnāre, attribuere,^ assign, allot; /nouns/ ^assīgnātiō, attribūtiō^ *17.7 equal/unequal* ... equal and like ... ^pār, aequālis, aequus,^ equal; /noun/ ^aequālitās;^ /verbs/ ^adaequāre, exaequāre;^ $sź cum$ /Abpn/ $e.[xaequāre]$, pit oneself against ^pariter, ex aequō, aequź,^ equally; $hunc aequź ac patrem$ (as a father) $vereor$ ^parī intervāllō,^ at the same distance ^similis,^ like; /superl./ ^simillimus,^ closely resembling; /noun/ ^similitūdō;^ /verb/ ^simulāre,^ make like; ^assimulāre,^ copy, imitate ^propior (proximus)^ /D/, more (most) like ^imitārī,^ imitate; /nouns/ ^imitātiō, imitātor;^ /adj./ ^imitābilis^ ^imāgō, effigiźs,^ likeness; ^effingere,^ portray ^īnstar,^ likeness; $ī.[nstar] montis$, like a mountain ^vicem^ /or/ ^ad vicem^ /or/ ^vice^ /G/, like ^comparāre, cōnferre,^ compare; /nouns/ ^comparātiō, collātiō^ QV: correspond, 49.3 ... unequal and unlike ... ^dispār, impār, inaequālis,^ unequal ^impariter,^ unequally ^dissimilis, dīversus, absimilis,^ unlike; /noun/ ^dissimilitūdō^ ^differre, distāre, discrepāre cum^ /or/ ^ab^ /Abtg/, ^dissentīre ab^ /Abtg/, differ; $multum distāre ab$ /Ab/, differ greatly from; /nouns/ ^discrepantia, distantia^ ^abhorrźre ab^ /Ab/, differ from ^interesse,^ differ ^alius ac,^ different from ^discernere, distinguere, dīiudicāre,^ distinguish; /noun/ ^distīnctiō^ *17.8 same/other* ... same ... ^īdem, eadem, idem,^ same ^nōn^ /or/ ^haud alius,^ same ^itidem, nōn^ /or/ ^haud aliter,^ in the same way ^unō tempore, ūnā,^ at the same time ^ibīdem,^ in the same place ^indidem,^ from the same place ... other ... ^alius,^ other ^alter,^ other (of two), /also/ second ^cźterī, cźterum,^ the rest ^varius,^ varied, various, diverse; /noun/ ^varietās;^ /verb/ ^variāre^ ^aliter, aliōquī(n),^ otherwise ^contrāriź,^ in an opposite direction ^mūtāre,^ alter, change; /noun/ ^mūtātiō;^ /adj./ ^mūtābilis^ ^commūtāre, permūtāre,^ change completely; /noun/ ^permūtātiō^ ^immūtāre,^ change (partially) ^vicissitūdō,^ change *17.91 quotus* ^quotus?^ which? (in numerical order) ^prīmus,^ first ^prīnceps,^ first (in rank, importance) ^prīmum^ (/adv./), first, in the first place ^postrźmus, ultimus, extrźmus, novissimus,^ last ^postrźmō,^ lastly, finally ^postrźmum^, for the last time *17.92 numbering* ^numerus,^ number; ^numerāre,^ number, reckon ^dīnumerāre,^ count up; ^dīnumerātiō,^ enumeration ^studia^ /or/ ^scientia numerōrum,^ arithmetic ^ratiōnem dūcere^ /or/ ^habźre^ /or/ ^subdūcere, ratiōcinārī,^ make a computation, calculate; ^subductiō,^ calculation ^źnumerāre, inīre numerum, ōrdināre,^ reckon up, enumerate /Acpn/ ^dź numerō excerpere,^ exclude one from a number ^recźnsźre^ (e.g. $mīlitźs$), count, muster ^addere,^ add ^summam facere^ /or/ ^subdūcere,^ calculate the total ^dźdūcere,^ subtract ^multiplicāre,^ multiply ^dīvidere,^ divide *17.93 two* ^ambō,^ both ^alteruter,^ one of both ^uter,^ which (of two), one (of two) ^uterlibet,^ one of two ^uterque,^ each of two, both ^utercumque,^ whichever of the two ^utervīs,^ either, whichever (of two) you please ^utrimque,^ from or on both sides ^utrōque,^ in both directions ^alternus,^ one after another, alternate ^alterum tantum,^ as much again ^anceps,^ double (extending on two opposite sides) ^duplex,^ double (existing in two like forms) ^duplus,^ double ^geminus,^ double; /verb/ ^gemināre^ ^bipartītus,^ divided into two parts ^duābus partibus amplius,^ twice as much ^mūtuus,^ reciprocal, mutual; /adv./ ^mūtuō^ *17.94 order, row* ^ōrdō,^ order, row; $ōrdine$ /or/ $in$ (/or/ $per$) $ōrdinem$, /or/ $ex ōrdine$, in turn; $extrā ōrdinem$, out of turn; ^ōrdināre,^ arrange in rows ^seriźs,^ row, sequence ^passim,^ without order, anyhow ^dīgerere, struere, īnstruere,^ arrange, set in order *18.1 measure* ^mźnsūra,^ measure; /verbs/ ^mźtīrī, dīmźtīrī^ ^modus,^ measure ^modius,^ peck; ^amphora^ = 6 gals. 7 pts.; ^congius,^ one-eighth of amphora; ^sextārius,^ one-sixth of congius, = about one pint; one sixteenth of modius ^ulna, cubitum,^ ell ^pźs,^ foot; ^uncia,^ inch ^decempeda,^ measuring rod (10 ft. long) ^passus,^ pace (5 Roman feet) ^stadium,^ 125 paces (just over 600 English feet) ^mīlle passuum,^ mile ^lapis, mīlliārium,^ milestone *18.2 limit* ^modus,^ limit, right measure, bounds; /Dtg/ $modum appōnere$ /or/ $impōnere$ /or/ $adhibźre$, set a limit to; $extrā modum prōdīre$ (e.g. $sūmptū$), observe no limit; $modum trānsīre$, overstep the limit; $ultrā modum$, beyond the limit; ^modicus,^ moderate; ^immodestus,^ immoderate ^fīnis,^ limit; $certōs sibi fīnźs cōnstituere$, set oneself definite limits; $fīnem trānsīre, extrā fīnźs źgredī$, overstop the limit; ^fīnīre,^ limit ^terminus,^ limit; ^termināre,^ limit, mark off; ^terminātiō,^ delimitation, limit ^cancellī,^ limits (/lit./ railings) *19 weight* ^pondus,^ weight ^exāmināre, expendere,^ weigh ^statźra,^ steelyard, balance; ^trutina,^ pair of scales, balance; ^lanx,^ scale (of balance) ^lībra,^ balance; pound (of 12 ounces) ^uncia,^ ounce; ^sźmūncia,^ half-ounce ^pondō,^ /adv./, in weight; /as indecl. noun/ pounds, e.g. $aurī sex pondō$ ^gravis,^ heavy; /noun/ ^gravitās^ ^levis,^ light; /noun/ ^levitās^ ^mōlźs,^ weight, burden ^onus,^ burden; ^onustus,^ loaded; ^onerāre,^ load, burden ^opprimere,^ burden, weigh upon *20.1 fulness* ^cōpia,^ plenty ^abundāre,^ be rich in; /noun/ ^abundantia^ ^redundāre,^ have an excess of, overflow; /noun/ ^redundantia^ ^affluere,^ abound; /adj./ ^affluźns;^ /noun/ ^affluentia^ ^circumfluere,^ flow over, abound ^cōnfluere,^ crowd together (/intrans./) ^cōnstīpāre,^ crowd together (/trans./) ^plźnus, replźtus,^ full ^farcīre, cōnfercīre, refercīre, stīpāre,^ stuff, pack together; ^cōnfertus, refertus^ /Ab/, full of, crammed with ^complźre, explźre, implźre, opplźre, replźre,^ fill; /noun/ ^complźmentum^ ^supplźre,^ refill ^frźquźns, celeber,^ crowded; /nouns/ ^frequentia, celebritās;^ /verb/ ^frequentāre^ ^crźber,^ thick with *20.2 lack* ^sine^ /Ab/, without ^inops^ /G/, destitute of, without; ^inopia,^ lack, scarcity ^inānis, vacuus,^ empty, bare, void, free from; /noun/ ^inānitās^ ^vacāre,^ be empty, void ^carźre^ /Ab/, be without, in want of ^abesse^ /D/, be wanting ^egźre, indigźre,^ /G or Ab/, lack; /noun/ ^indigentia^ ^egźnus,^ destitute, void of; /noun/ ^egestās^ ^expers^ /G/, devoid of, without ^orbus^ /Ab/, deprived of, without ^nūdus^ /Ab/, void, without, e.g. $urbs nūda praesidiō$; /verb/ ^nūdāre,^ e.g. $mūrus nūdātus dźfźnsōribus$ ^dźficere,^ be lacking, fail; /Pass. Ab or/ ^ab^ /Ab/, lack; /noun/ ^dźfectiō^ ^dźesse;^ $dźsunt mihi librī$, I am in want of books ^prīvāre,^ e.g. /Acpn/ $somnō, vītā, approbātiōne$, deprive, strip of ^dźsertus, vāstus,^ solitary, waste, unoccupied ^īnfrequźns,^ not numerous, sparsely attended; /noun/ ^īnfrequentia^ ^exhaurīre,^ empty +21 ANIMALS+ *21.1* ^animal,^ animal ^bźstia,^ beast (any living creature, except man) ^bźlua,^ (huge) animal ^sexus,^ sex ^mās,^ male; ^fźmina,^ female ^pullus,^ young animal ^pellis,^ skin, hide, pelt; ^pellītus,^ clad in skins ^corium,^ hide, leather ^alūta,^ soft leather ^cornū,^ horn; /adj./ ^corneus^ ^ungula,^ hoof ^iuba,^ mane ^cauda,^ tail ^saeta,^ hair (of animal), bristle ^horrźre, horrźscere,^ bristle *21.2 domestic mammals* ^cīcur,^ tame ^equus,^ horse; ^equa,^ mare; ^pullus,^ foal; /adj./ ^equīnus^ ^hinnīre,^ neigh; /noun/ ^hinnītus^ QV: riding, 7.6 QV: racing, 35.3 ^asinus,^ donkey; ^mūlus,^ mule; ^mūliō,^ muleteer ^iūmentum,^ beast of burden ^canis,^ dog; $c.[anis] sagāx$, d.[og] with keen scent; ^catulus, catula, catellus, catella,^ lap-dog ^lātrāre,^ bark ^fźlźs^ /or/ ^fźlis,^ cat ^mūs,^ mouse QV: farmstock, 8 *21.3 wild mammals* ^fera,^ wild beast ^ferus,^ wild ^domāre, mānsuźfacere,^ tame ^intractātus,^ untamed ^cunīculus,^ rabbit; ^lepus,^ hare ^cervus,^ stag; ^cerva,^ hind ^alcźs,^ elk ^lupus, lupa,^ wolf; ^vulpźs,^ fox; /dimin./ ^vulpźcula;^ ^lynx,^ lynx ^aper,^ wild boar ^ursus, ursa,^ bear ^leō, lea, leaena,^ lion; ^tigris,^ tiger ^panthźra,^ panther ^hyaena,^ hyena ^elephās, elephantus,^ elephant ^ebur,^ ivory; /adj./ ^eburneus^ ^camźlus,^ camel ^dromas,^ dromedary ^dorcas,^ gazelle, antelope ^onager,^ wild ass ^sīmia,^ monkey ^castor,^ beaver ^mustźla,^ weasel ^nitźdula,^ dormouse ^talpa,^ mole ... ... ^vźnārī, captāre,^ hunt; ^vźnātor,^ hunter; ^vźnātiō,^ hunting, chase ^laqueus,^ snare; $collum īnserere in laqueum$, get caught; ^illaqueāre,^ ensnare ^illigāre,^ entangle, ensnare ^plaga,^ snare, trap; ^rźte,^ net ^excipere,^ catch *21.4 birds* ^avis, volucris,^ bird; ^āles,^ (large) bird ^nīdus,^ nest; /diminutive/ ^nīdulus^ ^ōvum,^ egg; ^parere, pōnere,^ lay (eggs) ^aviārium,^ aviary ^āla,^ wing; ^volucer, āles, āliger,^ /poet./ winged ^penna,^ feather, wing ^plūma,^ feather; /P/ down; /adj./ ^plūmātus^ ^volāre,^ fly; ^volitāre,^ fly to and fro, flutter ^rōstrum,^ beak; ^unguis,^ talon *21.5 domestic birds* ^gallus,^ cock; ^gallīna,^ hen; ^pullus,^ chicken; ^pullārius,^ chicken keeper ^canere,^ crow, sing; ^strepere,^ cackle ^crista,^ cockscomb ^ānser,^ gander, goose ^anas,^ duck ^columba,^ dove, pigeon; ^columbārium,^ dovecot ^pāvō,^ peacock ^cavea,^ bird cage *21.6 wild birds* ^passer,^ sparrow ^hirundō,^ swallow ^cicōnia,^ stork ^cycnus, olor,^ swan; /adj./ ^olōrīnus^ ^corvus,^ raven; ^cornīx,^ crow ^merula,^ blackbird ^palumbźs,^ wood-pigeon ^turtur,^ turtle-dove ^pīca,^ magpie ^pīcus,^ woodpecker ^monźdula, grāculus,^ jackdaw ^coturnīx,^ quail ^grūs,^ crane ^ardea,^ heron ^alcźdō, alcyōn,^ kingfisher ^aquila,^ eagle ^accipiter,^ hawk ^vulturius,^ vulture ^mīlvus,^ kite ^būbō, noctua,^ owl ^strix,^ screech-owl ^aucupārī,^ go birdcatching; ^aucupium,^ birdcatching; ^auceps,^ birdcatcher, fowler *21.7 fish* ^piscis,^ fish ^nāre, natāre,^ swim; /noun/ ^natātiō^ ^squāma,^ scale ^piscārī,^ fish; ^piscātor,^ fisherman, fishmonger; ^piscātus,^ fishery; ^piscīna,^ fishpond ^rźte,^ net; ^hāmus,^ hook; ^līnea,^ line ^delphīn, delphīnus,^ dolphin ^lollīgō, sźpia,^ cuttlefish ^mūrźx,^ crimson fish ^cancer,^ crab; ^ostrea,^ oyster ^conchylium,^ shellfish, oyster ^margarīta,^ pearl *21.8 reptiles* ^anguis, serpźns, coluber, colubra,^ snake ^vīpera,^ viper ^serpere, rźpere,^ crawl ^lacerta^ /or/ ^-us,^ lizard ^rāna,^ frog ^būfō,^ toad ^vermis,^ worm ^testūdō,^ tortoise *21.9 insects* ^apis,^ bee; ^fūcus,^ drone; ^exāmen,^ swarm ^mel,^ honey; /adj./ ^mellītus^ ^favus,^ honeycomb ^cźra,^ wax; /adj./ ^cźreus^ ^acūleus,^ sting; ^pungere, compungere,^ sting; /noun/ ^pūnctum^ ^alvārium, alveus, cavea,^ beehive ^vespa,^ wasp ^susurrāre,^ buzz, hum ^musca,^ fly ^crābrō,^ hornet ^asīlus, oestrus,^ gadfly ^arānea,^ spider ^pāpiliō,^ butterfly, moth ^formīca,^ ant ^cicāda,^ tree-cricket ^tinea,^ moth, bookworm ^hirūdō,^ leech +22 PLANTS+ *22.1* ^arbor,^ tree; ^arbustus,^ planted with trees; ^arbustum,^ plantation, orchard ^trichila,^ arbour ^truncus, stīpes,^ trunk; ^rāmus,^ branch; ^virga,^ twig, rod; /diminutive/ ^virgula^ ^stirps,^ trunk (with roots), stem; /adv./ ^stirpitus,^ root and branch ^planta,^ shoot, twig, cutting ^līgna^ (/P/), (fire)wood ^sarmenta^ (/P/), twigs, brushwood ^clāvicula,^ tendril ^rōbur,^ hardwood; ^māteria,^ timber ^pālus, sublica,^ stake ^succīdere,^ fell; ^caedere,^ fell, lop; ^frondātor,^ pruner of trees; ^scindere,^ split; ^dolāre,^ hew ^cortex,^ bark ^spīna,^ thorn; /adj./ ^spīnōsus^ ^rādīx,^ root; $rādīcźs agere$, strike root; $arborźs ab rādīcibus subruere$, uproot; /adv./ ^rādīcitus,^ root and all ^culmus,^ stalk (of corn) ^folium,^ leaf; ^frōns,^ leaf, leafy branch, foliage; garland of leaves; ^coma,^ foliage ^sūcus,^ sap *22.2* ^silva,^ forest; /adj./ ^silvestris^ ^nemus,^ wood ^virgulta^ (/P/), thicket, copse, bush ^lūcus,^ grove (sacred to a deity); /poet.,/ wood ^saltus,^ glen; /adj./ ^saltuōsus^ ^fāgus,^ beech; /adjs./ ^fāgineus, fāginus^ ^laurus, laurea,^ laurel; ^laureātus,^ crowned with laurel ^palma,^ palm-tree; ^palmźtum,^ palm grove; ^palmōsus,^ rich in palms ^cedrus,^ cedar ^taxus,^ yew-tree ^pīnus,^ pine; ^pīnźtum,^ pine wood; /adj./ ^pīneus^ ^picea,^ pitch-pine ^quercus,^ oak; ^querquźtum,^ oak wood; ^glāns,^ acorn; ^rōbustus,^ of oak ^aesculus,^ Italian oak ^cupressus,^ cypress ^fraxinus,^ ash; /adj./ ^fraxineus^ ^ōrnus,^ mountain ash ^platanus,^ plane-tree ^castānea,^ chestnut-tree ^alnus,^ alder ^larix,^ larch ^salix,^ willow; ^salictum,^ plantation of willows ^acer,^ maple ^tilia,^ lime-tree ^ulmus,^ elm ^īlex,^ holm-oak ^pōpulus,^ poplar ^abiźs,^ silver fir ^arbutus,^ wild strawberry-tree ^murra,^ myrrh tree ^iūniperus,^ juniper tree ^buxus,^ box-tree; ^buxum,^ wood of box-trees ^corulus,^ hazel-shrub ^veprźs,^ thorn-bush, bramble ^sentis,^ briar ^vīmen,^ osier ^genista,^ broom ^hedera,^ ivy ^harundō,^ reed ^iuncus,^ rush; ^scirpus,^ rush, bulrush; ^ulva,^ sedge ^fungus,^ mushroom ^alga,^ seaweed ^muscus,^ moss; /adj./ ^muscōsus^ ^viscum,^ mistletoe *22.3* ^hortus,^ garden; /dimin./ ^hortulus^ ^saepźs,^ fence; ^saepīre,^ fence, hedge in ^herba, grāmen,^ grass, herb; /adj./ ^herbidus^ ^caespes,^ turf, sod ^gemma, germen,^ bud; /verb/ ^gemmāre^ ^flōs,^ flower; /diminutive/ ^flōsculus;^ ^flōrźre,^ be in flower; ^efflōrźscere,^ bloom, flourish; /adjs./ ^flōrźns, flōridus^ ^corōna, serta^ (/P/), garland, wreath ^rosa,^ rose, rose-tree, roses; ^rosārium, rosźtum,^ rosary ^līlium,^ lily ^viola,^ violet; ^violārium,^ bed of violets ^amāracus,^ marjoram ^amaranthus,^ amaranth ^caltha,^ marigold ^rūta,^ rue ^thymum^ /or/ ^-us,^ thyme ^serpullum,^ wild thyme ^crocum^ /or/ ^-us,^ saffron ^narcissus,^ narcissus ^myrtus,^ myrtle-tree; ^myrtźtum,^ myrtle grove; /adj./ ^myrteus^ ^papāver,^ poppy ^lupīnus,^ lupin ^cicūta,^ hemlock ^carduus,^ thistle *22.4 fruit-trees* ^frūctus,^ fruit; $frūctum źdere$, yield f.[ruit]; $f.[rūctus] tempestīvus$, ripe f.[ruit]; /adj./ ^frūctuōsus,^ fruitful ^frūgźs,^ fruits, field produce; $f. fundere$, bring forth f.[ruits]; /adj./ ^frūgifer,^ fruitful ^fertilis, fźcundus,^ fruitful; /nouns/ ^fertilitās, fźcunditās^ ^mātūrus,^ ripe; /noun/ ^mātūritās;^ /verb/ ^mātūrāre, mātūrźscere^ ^sźmen,^ seed; ^germen,^ germ ^pōmum,^ fruit, fruit-tree ^mālum,^ fruit (e.g. peach, orange) ^pōmārium,^ orchard ^mālus,^ apple-tree; ^mālum,^ apple ^pirus,^ pear-tree; ^pirum,^ pear ^prūnus,^ plum-tree; ^prūnum,^ plum ^cerasus,^ cherry-tree; ^cerasum,^ cherry ^fīcus,^ fig-tree, fig ^mōrus,^ mulberry-tree; ^mōrum,^ mulberry ^amygdala,^ almond tree ^amygdalum,^ almond *22.5* ^vītis, vīnea,^ vine; ^ūva,^ grape, bunch of grapes; ^pampinus,^ tendril or leaf of vine ^vīnea, vīnźtum,^ vineyard; ^vīnum,^ wine, /see 29.8/; ^vīndźmia,^ vintage; ^vīndźmiātor,^ vintager; ^vīnitor,^ vinedresser ^olīva,^ olive, olive-tree; ^olīvźtum,^ olive plantation; ^oleum,^ olive oil; /adj./ ^oleārius^ ^nux,^ nut ^frāgum,^ strawberry *22.6* ^olus,^ vegetable ^legūmen,^ leguminous plant ^lźns,^ lentil ^caulis, crambź,^ cabbage ^bźta,^ beet ^faba,^ bean ^cucumis,^ cucumber ^bulbus, cźpa,^ onion ^ālium,^ garlic ^apium,^ parsley, celery +23 MINERALS+ ^metallum,^ metal ^aurum,^ gold; /adjs./ ^aureus, aurātus;^ /verbs/ ^aurāre, inaurāre;^ ^aurifex,^ goldsmith ^argentum,^ silver; /adj./ ^argenteus^ ^ferrum,^ iron; /adj./ ^ferreus^ ^chalybs,^ steel; /adj./ ^chalybźius^ ^rōbīgō, ferrūgō,^ rust ^aes,^ bronze, copper; /adjs./ ^aźnus,^ /later/ ^aźneus, aerātus^ ^aerūgō,^ verdigris ^orīchalcum,^ brass ^plumbum,^ lead; /adj./ ^plumbeus^ ^plumbum album,^ tin ^lapis, saxum,^ stone; /diminutive/ ^lapillus;^ /adj./ ^lapideus^ ^lapicīda,^ mason; ^lapicīdīnae,^ quarry ^caementum,^ stone rough from the quarry; ^quadrātum saxum,^ hewn stone ^metallum,^ mine, quarry ^aerāria,^ mine ^gemma,^ /poet./ ^lapis,^ precious stone, gem, jewel ^cōs,^ any hard stone, flint ^calculus,^ pebble ^marmor,^ marble; /adj./ ^marmoreus;^ $marmor$ /or/ $sīgnum marmoreum$, marble statue ^statua,^ statue; $statuam statuere$, erect a s.[tatue] ^ars fingendī,^ sculpture; ^fictor,^ sculptor ^scalpere, sculpere, exsculpere,^ carve; $ź saxō sculptus$, carved in stone ^onyx,^ onyx ^carbō,^ coal ^sulpur,^ sulphur ^calx, crźta,^ chalk ^argilla,^ (potter's) clay; ^rota,^ (potter's) wheel ^figulus,^ potter; ^fictilis,^ earthen, of clay ^vitrum,^ glass; /adj./ ^vitreus^ +24-27 MAN+ *24.1* ^genus hominum^ /or/ ^hūmānum,^ /or/ ^gźns hūmāna,^ /or/ ^hominźs,^ mankind ^homō,^ man (not animal); /diminutives/ ^homunciō, homunculus^ ^hūmānus,^ human; /noun/ ^hūmānitās,^ human nature ^mortālis,^ human being; /as adj./ mortal, human ^post hominźs nātōs,^ since men have lived ^quī nunc sunt hominźs,^ the present generation ^vir,^ man (not woman); /adj./ ^virīlis; virītim,^ singly, individually; ^virtūs,^ manliness ^fźmina,^ woman; /diminutive/ ^fźmella;^ /adj./ ^fźmineus^ ^mulier,^ woman; /diminutive/ ^muliercula;^ /adj./ ^muliebris^ QV: name, 24.6 *24.2 ages of man* ^extrźmae (exāctae) aetātis homō,^ a man advanced (far advanced) in years ^prōvectā aetāte,^ at an advanced age ^grandis, grandis nātū,^ aged man ^senex,^ old man; /adj./ ^senīlis;^ /verb/ ^senźscere;^ ^senectūs, aetās senźscźns,^ old age ^anus,^ old woman; /adj./ ^anīlis^ ^omnźs aetātis superiōris,^ all older men ^senior,^ elderly man ^paulum aetāte prōgressus,^ become rather older; ^prōgrediente aetāte,^ with advancing years ^adulta aetās,^ maturity ^iam adultus,^ one in mature life ^aetās iam corrōborāta, aetātźs cōnfīrmātae,^ years of discretion ^iuvenis,^ man or woman in prime of life; ^iuventūs, flōs aetātis,^ prime of life ^in suam tūtźlam venīre,^ come of age ^togam virīlem^ (/or/ ^pūram^) ^sūmere,^ assume the garb of manhood ^pūbźs,^ grown up, adult; /as noun/, youth, young man; /verb/ ^pūbźscere^ ^adulźscźns,^ youth, maid; $admodum a.[dulźscźns]$, in quite early manhood; /noun/ ^adulźscentia^ ^adolźscere,^ grow up ^virgō,^ maiden; /adj./ ^virginālis,^ /poet./ ^virgineus^ ^impūbźs,^ under age, youthful ^adulźscentulus,^ youngster ^aetātula,^ tender age, youthful age ^ex puerīs excessit,^ has ceased to be a child ^līberī, nātī,^ children (in relation to parents); $līberōs suscipere, tollere$, acknowledge, bring up children ^puerī,^ children (generally) ^puer,^ boy; /diminutive/ ^puerulus;^ ^pueritia,^ boyhood; $ā puerō, ā puerīs, ā pueritiā$, from boyhood; ^puerīlis,^ boyish, childish ^puella,^ girl; /diminutive/ ^puellula^ ^parvī,^ young children; $ā parvīs$, from childhood ^cūnābula,^ cradle ^crepundia,^ rattle *24.3 relationship* ^orīgō,^ source, descent, progenitor; $orīginem dūcere$ /or/ $trahere ab$ /Ab/, trace one's descent from ^genus, prōsāpia,^ race, stock; family ^māiōrźs, patrźs,^ ancestors, forbears ^avus, atavus,^ ancestor ^posterī, posteritās,^ /poet./ ^nepōtźs,^ posterity, descendants ^prōgnātus, ortus,^ descended; /noun/ ^prōgnātus,^ descendant, child ^subolźs,^ progeny, offspring, descendant ^saeculum,^ generation ^cōgnātus, coniūnctus sanguine, cōnsanguineus,^ blood relation, connected (by birth); /nouns/ ^cōgnātiō, cōnsanguinitās^ ^āgnātus,^ related on the father's side; /noun/ ^āgnātiō^ ^propinquus, necessārius,^ relation, kinsman; $Mārcī necessārius et propinquus$, a near relation of M.[arcus]; ^propinquitās,^ relationship ^atavus,^ great-great-great-grandfather ^abavus,^ great-great-grandfather ^proavus,^ great-grandfather; ^proavia,^ great-grandmother ^pronepōs,^ great-grandson; ^proneptis,^ great-granddaughter ^avus,^ grandfather; ^avia,^ grandmother ^nepōs,^ grandson; ^neptis,^ granddaughter ^mātertera,^ mother's sister ^frātris (sororis) fīlius, fīlia,^ nephew, niece ^(frāter, soror) patruźlis,^ cousin (child of father's brother or sister) ^sobrīnus, cōnsobrīnus, -a,^ cousin (child of mother's brother or sister) ^alumnus,^ foster-son; ^alumna,^ foster-daughter ^parźns,^ parent; /P also/ grandparents ^pater, genitor,^ father; $vestīgiīs patris ingredī$, follow in father's footsteps; /adj./ ^paternus, patrius,^ paternal ^māter, genetrīx^ (/poet. and late/), mother; /diminutive/ ^mātercula;^ /adj./ ^māternus^ ^mātrōna,^ married woman, mother ^vitricus,^ stepfather; ^noverca,^ stepmother ^fīlius, nātus,^ son ^fīlia, nāta,^ daughter ^patre certō^ (/opposite/ ^nūllō^) ^nāscī,^ be a legitimate child ^prīvīgnus, -a,^ stepson, stepdaughter ^frāter,^ brother; /adj./ ^frāternus^ ^soror,^ sister; /adj./ ^sorōrius^ ^germānus,^ of brothers and sisters who have the same parents, e.g. $g.[ermānus] frāter$ ^geminus, gemellus^ (/poet./), twin ^patruus,^ father's brother ^avunculus,^ mother's brother ^amita,^ father's sister *24.4 marriage* ^rźs uxōria,^ matrimony, wedlock ^caelebs,^ unmarried, single ^procus,^ suitor ^spōnsus, -a,^ betrothed man or woman ^fīliam^ /Dpn/ ^dźspondźre,^ promise one's daughter in marriage to ^condiciō,^ match, alliance ^mātrimōnium,^ marriage; $in m.[ātrimōnium] dare, in m.[ātrimōnium]$ /or/ $in mātrimōniō collocāre$, give in m.[arriage]; $in m.[ātrimōnium] dūcere Dźliam$, /or simply/ $dūcere D.[źliam]$, take D.[elia] to wife ^cōnūbium, coniugium,^ wedlock ^nūbere^ /D/, marry (a man); /noun/ ^nūptiae,^ wedding; ^nūpta,^ bride, wife; ^prōnuba,^ bridesmaid ^innūbere,^ marry into (a family) ^źnūbere,^ marry out of one's rank or town ^coźmptiō,^ a form of mock marriage ^dōs,^ dowry ^vir, marītus,^ husband ^coniūnx,^ wife, /sometimes/ husband ^uxor,^ wife ^prōgeniźs, prōlźs^ (/poet./), offspring *24.5 relations by marriage* ^affīnis,^ related by marriage; /noun/ ^affīnis,^ relation by marriage; ^affīnitās;^ $affīnitāte coniūnctus$, related by marriage ^socer,^ father-in-law ^socrus,^ mother-in-law ^nurus,^ daughter-in-law ^sorōris marītus,^ brother-in-law ... ... ^repudiāre, ā mātrimōniō dīmittere,^ divorce; /noun/ ^repudium,^ (compulsory) divorce ^nūntium uxōrī remittere,^ send a letter of divorce ^dīvortium,^ separation (by consent) ^clāvźs adimere uxōrī,^ separate from one's wife ^istam suās rźs sibi habźre iussit,^ he divorced her ... ... ^vidua,^ widow; ^vir viduus,^ widower ^orbus,^ bereaved, fatherless, orphan, childless; ^orbitās,^ childlessness; ^orbāre,^ deprive of parents or children ^pupillus,^ orphan, minor; /as noun/ ^pupillus, pupilla,^ ward ^superesse,^ survive; ^superstes,^ surviving *24.6 name* ^nōmen,^ name, designation; /Dpn/ $n.[ōmen] impōnere$, give a n.[ame]; $ex$ /Abtg/ $n.[ōmen] capere, invenīre$ /or/ $trahere$, get, derive a n.[ame] from; /verb/ ^nōmināre;^ ^nōminātim,^ by name; ^nōminātiō,^ nomination ^cōgnōminis,^ having the same name ^praenōmen,^ first name (like our "Christian name"); ^cōgnōmen,^ third name; /in/ $Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, Mārcus$ /is the/ $praenōmen, Cicerō$ /the/ $cōgnōmen$ ^nūncupāre,^ name, call (by name) ^titulus,^ title; $ūsūrpāre titulum$, assume a t.[itle]; $quī Sapiźns ūsūrpātur$, is called S.[apiens] ^dźnotāre, dźsīgnāre,^ designate, specify; /noun/ ^dźsīgnātiō^ *24.7 mark, sign* ^nota, index,^ mark, sign; ^notāre,^ mark, indicate ^sīgnum,^ mark, token; ^sīgnificāre,^ indicate; ^sīgnificātiō,^ sign, indication ^specimen,^ sign, token *25.1 household* ^familia, domus,^ household; /adj./ ^familiāris,^ belonging to h.[ousehold]; ^domesticus,^ belonging to one's family or household; $domesticus ūsus et cōnsuźtūdō$, family life; ^domesticī^, members of a family ^ad focum sedźre,^ be in the midst of one's family ^paterfamiliās,^ head of family; ^māterfamiliās,^ mistress of house ^patria potestās,^ power of father over children; $sevźrum imperium in suīs exercet$, he is a strict father and master ^źmancipāre,^ free from "patria potestās"; /noun/ ^źmancipātiō^ ^dominus, erus,^ master ^domina, era,^ mistress ^suōrum dźsīderium,^ home-sickness ^ad suum larem familiārem redīre,^ return home ^patrōnus, cliźns,^ /The/ ^cliźns^ /(client, follower) was a plebeian, freedman or foreigner who enjoyed the favour and protection of the/ ^patrōnus^ /(patron, defender, advocate) whom he had chosen and to whom he rendered minor services./ *25.2 servants* ^ātriźnsis,^ overseer of house, steward ^minister, famulus,^ servant ^ministra, famula, ancilla,^ maid ^pedisequus, pedisequa,^ attendant ^iānitor,^ door-keeper ^coquus,^ cook ^prōmus,^ slave who distributed food to household ^condus,^ slave in charge of stores ^paedagōgus,^ slave in charge of children, tutor ^servus ā manū,^ secretary ^vīlicus,^ steward, bailiff ^servīre^ /Dpn/, serve, be a servant of QV: slavery, 33.7 QV: messenger, 48.33 *25.3 nation* ^nātiō,^ nation ^populus,^ nation, people; $secundō populō$ (/Actg/ $facere$), with the consent of the people; $Populus Rōmānus Quirītźsque$, official title of Roman people; $Senātus Populusque Rōmānus (SPQR)$; /adj./ ^populāris;^ /as noun/ countryman, fellow-countryman ^gźns,^ people, race, clan ^gentīlis,^ fellow-clansman ^stirps,^ stock, breed ^genus,^ race ^tribus,^ tribe, each consisting of ten cūriae; /adv./ ^tribūtim,^ by tribes ^cūria,^ ward, each consisting of ten gentźs; /adv./ ^cūriātim,^ by wards ^aborīginźs,^ early inhabitants, ancestors of the Romans ^vernāculus,^ native, Roman ^fīnitimī,^ neighbours ^aliźnus,^ foreign; ^aliźnigena,^ foreigner, alien *25.4 gatherings* ^coetus, grex, globus, caterva,^ company, crowd ^frequentia,^ crowd, throng ^multitūdō, turba,^ crowd, throng, mob ^chorus,^ band, company QV: crowded, 20.1 ^concilium, cōnsilium,^ assembly, meeting, council ^conventus, cōntiō,^ meeting ^corōna,^ crowd, assembly (espec. judicial) ^congregārī,^ crowd (/intr./), assemble ^circulārī,^ gather in groups ^congressiō, congressus,^ meeting, intercourse ^plźbs^ /or/ ^plźbźs, vulgus,^ common people *25.5 social life* ^invītāre,^ invite, entertain; /Acpn/ $domum suam i.[nvītāre]$, invite to one's house; /noun/ ^invītātiō^ ^vīsere, invīsere,^ /Acpn or/ $domum$ /Gpn/, ^convenīre^ /Acpn/, visit ^salūtāre,^ visit, call on, pay a (ceremonial) call; receive visitors; ^salūtātiō,^ visit ^frequentāre domum^ /Gpn/, frequent, visit frequently ^intervīsere,^ visit occasionally ^hospes,^ (hereditary) friend; host, guest; $hospitźs accipere$ /or/ $recipere$, have as guests; /adj./ ^hospitālis;^ ^hospitium, hospitālitās,^ hospitality, (hereditary) friendship; $h. facere$ (/or/ $iungere$) $cum$ /Abpn/, become guest and friend of; ^apud^ /Acpn/ ^esse^ /or/ ^commorārī,^ be paying a visit to, staying with; /noun/ ^commorātiō^ ^advena, hospes,^ stranger ... ... ^cōnsuźtūdō,^ social intercourse, companionship, acquaintance ^convīctiō, convīctus,^ social intercourse, companionship, acquaintance ^amīcus, amīca,^ friend; $praestā tź amīcum$, prove a true friend; $Mārcum amīcōrum in numerō habeō, Mārcum amīcum$ /or/ $prō amīcō habeō, amīcō ūtor Mārcō$, enjoy the friendship of M.[arcus] ^amīcitia,^ friendship ^concors,^ harmonious; ^concordia,^ union, harmony; ^concordāre,^ agree ^favźre^ /Dpn/, be a friend to ^cōnsentīre cum^ /Abpn/ ^dź^ /Abtg/, agree with; /nouns/ ^cōnsźnsiō, cōnsźnsus^ ^familiāris,^ friend; ^familiāritās,^ intimacy, friendship ^intimus,^ close friend ^socius,^ companion, associate; ^societās,^ fellowship, society; $vītae s.[ocietās]$, social life; $societātem cum$ /Abpn/ $inīre$, enter into partnership with ^necessārius,^ friend; ^comes, sodālis,^ comrade; ^sodālitās, necessitās, necessitūdō, coniūnctiō,^ friendship, intimacy; $amīcitiae necessitūdinźs$, ties, bonds of friendship; $(homō) summā sodālitāte$, with a wide circle of friends ^grātia,^ favour, regard; $apud tź grātiam ineō$, win your favour ^fautor, fautrīx,^ patron(ess), favourerer ^coniūnctus,^ friendly, intimate ^collźga,^ colleague, companion ^circulus,^ company (for social intercourse) ^collźgium,^ society, company, fraternity ^sodālitās,^ society, club ^cōnsors,^ partner, colleague, comrade; ^cōnsortium,^ fellowship ... ... ^aemulus, aemula, rīvālis,^ rival; /verb/ ^aemulārī;^ /noun/ ^rīvālitās^ ^competītor,^ rival ^certātim,^ with rivalry ^discordia,^ discord; $discordiās sźdāre$, remove d.[iscord]; /adj./ ^discors^ ^discidium,^ discord ^rīxa,^ quarrel, brawl; /verb/ ^rīxārī^ ^iūrgium,^ dispute (among friends); /verb/ ^iūrgāre^ ^contentiō, concertātiō, contrōversia,^ dispute, contention; /verb/ ^concertāre^ ^līs,^ dispute (among adversaries), general and legal ^altercārī,^ quarrel; ^altercātiō,^ (violent) quarrel ^dźcertāre,^ dispute ^simultās,^ strained relations, enmity ^obsistere, obstāre,^ oppose; ^resistere,^ resist ^subigere,^ reduce to submission ^īnfźnsus, inimīcus,^ hostile; /as noun/ (private) enemy; ^inimīcitiae^ (/P/), enmity ^pūgnāx,^ quarrelsome ^aliźnus,^ averse, unfriendly; ^aliźnātiō,^ dislike ^implācābilis,^ irreconcilable ^tźcum in grātiam redeō,^ am reconciled with you; ^amīcitam dź integrō reconciliāre,^ restore friendship; /nouns/ ^reconciliātiō, reconciliātor^ ^amīcitiam cum^ /Abpn/ ^conciliāre,^ win someone over; /noun/ ^conciliātiō^ /Acpn or/ ^animum^ /Gpn Dpn/ ^reconciliāre,^ /Acpn/ ^in grātiam cum^ /Abpn/ ^redūcere,^ /Acpn Dpn/ ^plācāre,^ reconcile A with B ... ... ^patrōnus,^ patron ^cliźns,^ client *25.6 commotion, tumult* ^turba,^ uproar, disorder; ^turbulentus,^ restless, confused; ^turbāre,^ disturb, throw into confusion, agitate ^tumultus,^ uproar, disturbance; ^tumultuōsus,^ full of commotion, disturbed ^mōtus populī,^ unrest ^procellae,^ commotion, tumult +26 BODY+ *26.1* ^corpus,^ body; /diminutive/ ^corpusculum;^ /adj./ ^corporeus^ ^cadāver,^ dead body, corpse ^statūra,^ height or size of body ^figūra, fōrma,^ figure ^cutis,^ skin ^callum,^ hard, thick skin; ^occallźscere,^ get thick-skinned ^sūdāre,^ sweat; /noun/ ^sūdor^ ^ōs,^ bone; /adj./ ^osseus;^ ^medulla,^ marrow ^crīnis,^ hair (/generally/); /adjs./ ^crīnālis, crīnītus;^ ^villus,^ shaggy hair; ^pilus,^ single hair ^carō,^ flesh, meat ^torus, nervus,^ muscle ^vźna,^ vein; ^artźria,^ artery ^sanguis,^ blood; ^cruor,^ gore, blood(shed); /adj./ ^cruentus;^ /verb/ ^cruentāre,^ stain with b.[lood] ^corporis habitus,^ personal appearance, build ^gestus,^ bearing, posture, gesture ^sź iactāre,^ make gestures ^grandis, prōcźrus,^ tall; /noun/ ^prōcźritās^ ^brevis,^ short ^pinguis,^ /plp./ ^obźsus,^ fat, stout; ^pinguźscere,^ grow fat ^macer,^ thin, lean; /noun/ ^maciźs^ ^gracilis,^ slender, slim, lean; /noun/ ^gracilitās^ ^tenuis,^ thin; /noun/ ^tenuitās^ *26.2 head, face* ... head ... ^caput,^ head; $c.[aput] dźmittere$, hang, bow one's head ^calva,^ skull ^vertex,^ top of head ^cerebrum,^ brain ^nūtāre,^ nod; /noun/ ^nūtus^ ... hair ... ^capillus^ (/P rare/), ^coma^ /or/ ^comae,^ hair; ^comāns, comōsus,^ hairy ^pectere,^ comb; /noun/ ^pecten^ ^cōmere,^ comb, arrange, dress (hair) ^hirsūtus,^ shaggy ^capillum compōnere,^ do one's hair ^intōnsus,^ unshorn, with long hair ^calamistrum,^ curling-irons ^crispus, calamistrātus,^ curled; /verb/ ^crispāre^ ^cincinnus,^ (artificial) curl ^calvus,^ bald; /noun/ ^calvitium^ ^cānus^ (/poet./), greyhaired, hoary; ^cānī^ (sc. ^capillī^), grey hair ^barba,^ beard; ^mentum,^ beard (on chin); /diminutive/ ^barbula;^ ^barbātus,^ bearded; ^imberbis,^ beardless ^tondźre,^ clip, trim, shave; ^tōnsor,^ barber; ^tōnstrīna,^ barber's shop ^rādere,^ shave; ^novācula,^ razor ... face ... ^faciźs, ōs,^ face, countenance; $nōsse$ /Acpn/ $dź faciź$, know one by sight ^vultus,^ face, mien, expression, features ^color,^ complexion; $c.[olor] albus$, fair c.[omplexion] ^frōns,^ forehead, brow; $frontem contrahere$, knit the brows ^rūga,^ wrinkle; /adj./ ^rūgōsus^ ^tempora^ /P/, temples ^supercilium,^ eyebrow ^palpebra,^ eyelid ^oculus,^ /poet./ ^lūmen,^ eye; ^pūpula,^ pupil ^lacrima,^ tear; $lacrimās commovźre$, cause tears; $lacrimās effundere$, shed t.[ears]; $vim lacrimārum profundere$, shed a flood of t.[ears]; ^flźre, lacrimāre,^ weep; /noun/ ^flźtus;^ $reprimere flźtum$, check tears; /adj./ ^flźbilis;^ ^plōrāre,^ weep aloud, wail ^caecus, oculīs captus,^ blind; ^caecitās,^ blindness; ^caecāre,^ blind ^luscus,^ one-eyed ^oculī perversī,^ squinting eyes ^strabō,^ one who squints; /also adj./ ^paetus,^ having a cast in the eye; /diminutive/ ^paetulus^ QV: sight, 14 ^auris,^ ear ^surdus, auribus captus,^ deaf; ^obsurdźscere,^ grow deaf ^surdus īdemque mūtus,^ deaf mute QV: sound, 13 ^nāsus,^ nose ^nāris,^ nostril; /P/ ^nārźs,^ nose ^silus,^ snub-nosed ^olfacere,^ smell QV: smell, 12.3 ^corrūgāre nārźs,^ turn up the nose ^sź źmungere^ /or/ ^źmungī,^ blow one's nose ^sternuere,^ sneeze ^gena,^ cheek; ^bucca,^ cheek (puffed out); /both usu. P./ ^rubźre, źrubźscere,^ blush; /noun/ ^rubor;^ ^pallźscere, expallźscere,^ grow pale; ^pallźre,^ be or grow pale; /noun/ ^pallor;^ /adj./ ^pallidus,^ pale ^fūcus,^ rouge ^crźta,^ face powder ... mouth ... ^ōs,^ mouth ^rictum, rictus,^ (open) mouth ^hiāre,^ gape; ^hiātus,^ open mouth ^palātum,^ palate ^faucźs, gula, guttur,^ throat, gullet ^sorbźre, absorbźre,^ suck in, swallow ^lābrum,^ lip ^ridźre,^ laugh; /noun/ ^rīsus;^ $rīsūs źdere$, laugh; $rīsum movźre$ /or/ $commovźre$ /or/ $concitāre$, raise laughter; $rīsum rumpere$, check laughter; /adj./ ^rīdiculus;^ ^subrīdźre,^ smile; ^arrīdźre,^ smile upon; ^cachinnāre,^ laugh aloud; /noun/ ^cachinnus,^ loud laugh, guffaw ^sāvium^ /or/ ^suāvium^ (/early/), ^ōsculum, bāsium^ (/poet./), kiss; ^dare sāvium, s(u)āviārī, ōsculārī, bāsiāre^, kiss ^ōscitāre,^ yawn ^lingua,^ tongue; ^lambere,^ lick QV: taste, 12.4 ^dźns,^ tooth; ^mordźre,^ bite; /noun/ ^morsus;^ /adj./ ^mordāx;^ ^rōdere,^ gnaw; ^mandāre,^ chew, devour QV: voice, speech, 41 ^mentum,^ chin *26.3 trunk, limbs* ^collum, cervīcźs^ (/P/), neck ^iugulum,^ collarbone; throat ^gurguliō,^ windpipe ^pectus, mamma,^ breast; ^sinus,^ bosom ^spīna,^ backbone ^costa,^ rib ^umerus,^ shoulder ^dorsum, dorsus, tergum,^ back ^lumbus,^ loin ^gremium,^ lap ... internal organs ... ^viscera^ (/P/), internal organs ^intestīnum,^ intestine ^cor,^ heart ^artźria,^ windpipe ^pulmō,^ lung; ^spīrāre, respīrāre,^ breathe; ^anima, spīritus, hālitus,^ breath; $spīritum dūcere$, draw b.[reath]; ^suspīrāre,^ breathe deeply, sigh; ^respīrātiō,^ taking breath; ^suspīrium,^ sigh; ^anhźlāre,^ pant; /noun/ ^anhźlitus;^ ^exanimārī,^ lose breath ^venter, abdōmen, alvus,^ paunch ^īlia,^ groin ^stomachus,^ gullet, windpipe, stomach ^praecordia,^ diaphragm; stomach ^iecur,^ liver ^rźnźs,^ kidneys ... limbs ... ^artūs^ (/P/), ^membrum,^ limb ^lacertus,^ arm, upper arm ^bracchium,^ arm, forearm ^bracchia circumdare^ /or/ ^inicere^ /or/ ^implicāre collō,^ /or/ ^amplectī^ /or/ ^complectī,^ embrace; /noun/ ^complexus^ ^ulna,^ elbow; /poet./ arm ^cubitum,^ elbow ... hand ... ^manus,^ hand ^tractāre,^ handle; /noun/ ^tractātiō;^ /adj./ ^tractābilis^ ^plaudere,^ clap the hands ^dexter,^ right; $dextram tendere, porrigere$, offer one's hand ^sinister, laevus^ (/poet./), left; /noun/ ^sinistra, laeva,^ left hand ^palma,^ palm, /poet./ hand ^manūs supīnae,^ hands with palm upward (as in prayer) ^pūgnus,^ fist; ^pūgnīs certāre,^ box ^digitus,^ finger; ^pollex,^ thumb ^concrepāre digitīs,^ snap the fingers ^ānulus,^ ring ^unguis,^ nail ... leg ... ^femur,^ thigh; ^crūs,^ leg, shin; ^genū,^ knee; ^tībia,^ shinbone; ^tālus,^ ankle; ^pźs,^ foot ^prōterere,^ trample on ^gradus, passus,^ step, pace ^vestīgium,^ footstep, footprint, sole of foot; /Gpn/ $vestīgia persequī$, follow in f. of ^calx,^ heel; $calce petere$, kick ^planta,^ sole of foot ^claudus,^ lame, crippled; /verbs/ ^claudźre, claudicāre,^ limp QV: walk, 4.4 *26.4 health* ^salūs,^ welfare; /adj./ ^salūber^ /or/ ^-bris, salūtāris,^ healthful, wholesome; /noun/ ^salūbritās^ ^valźre,^ be well, in good health; /noun/ ^valźtūdō,^ health; $v.[alźtūdō] integra$, good health; $valźtūdinī cōnsulere$, take care of oneself; $valźtūdine bonā ūtī$, enjoy good health ^sibi parcere,^ be careful of one's health ^sānus, valźns, validus,^ healthy; /noun/ ^sānitās;^ $incorruptā sānitāte esse$, be in thoroughly sound health ^vigźre, virźre,^ flourish, be strong; /nouns/ ^vigor, viriditās^ ^integer,^ sound, in full vigor; /noun/ ^integritās^ ^rōbur,^ strength; /adj./ ^rōbustus^ ^fīrmus, validus, valźns, virīlis,^ strong, vigorous; /noun/ ^fīrmitās;^ /verb/ ^fīrmāre;^ ^dūrus,^ (/poet./) hardy, vigorous; /noun/ ^dūritia^ *26.5 sickness* ^gravitās valźtūdinis^ /or/ ^valźtūdō,^ /or/ ^aegra^ /or/ ^īnfīrma valźtūdō,^ ill-health $valźtūdinem āmittere$, fall ill; $valźtūdine tenuissimā esse$, be very weak; $valźtūdinem$ (/or/ $morbum$) $excūsāre$, plead ill-health as an excuse; $valźtūdinis excūsātiōne ūtī$, avail oneself of the excuse of ill-health ^graviter sź habźre,^ feel unwell ^aeger, aegrōtus,^ sick, ill, diseased; $aegrum simulāre$, pretend to be ill, malinger; /verb/ ^aegrōtāre;^ /nouns/ ^aegritūdō^ (/usu./ of mind), ^aegrōtātiō^ ^imbźcillus, dźbilis, īnfīrmus, invalidus,^ feeble, weak; /nouns/ ^imbźcillitās, dźbilitās, morbus,^ illness, disease, ailment; $morbō afficī$ /or/ $implicārī, in morbum cadere$ /or/ $incidere$ /or/ $incurrere$, fall ill ^morbō impedītus,^ stricken by illness ^īnsānābilis,^ incurable ^dźbilitāre,^ lame, maim, weaken ^senium,^ feebleness (of old age) ^vitium corporis,^ bodily defect ^dolor,^ pain; /verb/ ^dolźre,^ feel pain ^afflīctātiō,^ torment, pain ^gravźdō,^ cold (in the head), catarrh ^pītuīta,^ cold ^tussis,^ cough; /verb/ ^tussīre^ ^febris,^ fever; $febrim nancīscī$, catch a f.[ever]; ^febrīcula,^ slight fever ^podagra,^ gout ^tremere, horrźre, horrźscere, contremīscere^ (e.g. $omnibus artubus$), ^perhorrźscere^ (e.g. $tōtō corpore$), tremble, shudder; /noun/ ^tremor;^ /adj./ ^tremulus,^ /plp./ ^obtorpźscere,^ grow torpid, lose feeling ^torpźre,^ be stiff, numb ^tumźre,^ be swollen ^dolor artuum,^ gout ^pźs luxus,^ sprained foot ^mancus,^ decrepit, infirm ^ulcus, vomica,^ ulcer, sore QV: deaf, blind, 26.2 ^pestilentia, pestis,^ plague ^pestilźns (locus),^ infected, unhealthy ^contāgiō,^ infection ^tābźs,^ wasting, consumption, plague; /verbs/ ^tābźscere, perīre,^ waste away, perish ^vulnus,^ wound; $v.[ulnus] accipere$ /or/ $sustinźre$, be wounded; $v.[ulnus] obligāre$, bandage w.[ound]; $v.[ulnus] īnferre$, /or/ $vulnerāre$, wound; ^saucius,^ wounded; /verb/ ^saucīre;^ ^cōnfectus,^ disabled, exhausted ^cicātrīx,^ scar ^mortifer,^ deadly, causing death QV: poison, 47.2 *26.6 medical treatment* ^ars medendī, medicīna,^ practice of medicine; ^medicīnam exercźre, profitźrī,^ practise as a doctor ^cūrāre, sānāre, medźrī,^ heal, cure, restore to health; /adj./ ^sānābilis,^ curable ^subvenīre,^ relieve, heal, remedy (e.g. $gravźdinī$) ^medicus,^ doctor ^pharmacopōla,^ quack ^medicāmentum, medicāmen, medicīna, remedium,^ medicine, remedy; ^adhibźre medicīnam aegrōtō,^ give medicine to the patient ^mulcźre,^ soothe ^recreārī^ /or/ ^convalźscere ex morbō^ (/or/ ^vulnere^), ^sź reficere,^ recover (from illness) *26.7 sanity, madness* ^in potestāte mentis esse,^ be of sound mind; ^exīre ex potestāte^ (sc. ^mentis^), become insane ^compos mentis,^ sane ^ad sānitātem revertī,^ recover one's senses ^furor, īnsānia, vźsānia, vźcordia, dźmentia, rabiźs,^ madness ^īnsānus, male sānus, vźsānus, vźcors, fānāticus, furiōsus, dźmźns, captus mente, rabidus, rabiōsus, cerrītus,^ mad, raving ^īnsānīre, dźlīrāre, furere,^ be out of one's mind, rave, be mad; /noun/ ^dźlīrātiō^ *26.8 tear to pieces, maim* ^lacerāre,^ mangle, mutilate; /noun/ ^lacerātiō^ ^laniāre, dīlaniāre, excarnificāre,^ tear to pieces; /noun/ ^laniātus^ ^mutilus,^ maimed; /verb/ ^mutilāre^ ^truncus,^ mutilated *27.1 clothing* ^vestītus,^ (/late/) ^habitus,^ dress, clothing ^vestis, cultus,^ clothing, clothes, attire ^ōrnātus,^ attire, apparel ^vestīmentum,^ article of clothing, (/P/) clothing ^vestīre,^ dress, clothe ^induere^ (/usually refl. or pass./), clothe, put on ^amicīre,^ throw or wrap round (of outer garments) ^cōmptus,^ elegant, adorned ^mundus,^ neat, elegant; /noun/ ^munditia^ ^nitidus,^ spruce, trim; /noun/ ^nitor,^ elegance ^exuere,^ strip; $vestem pōnere$, undress ^nūdus,^ naked, bare; /verb/ ^nūdāre, dźnūdāre,^ strip, bare ... ... ^lāna,^ wool ^linteum,^ linen; /adj./ ^linteus^ ^sźricus,^ silk (/adj./); ^sźrica,^ silk garments or silks ^textile,^ cloth, stuff ^centō,^ piece of cloth, rag, patchwork ^pannus,^ piece of cloth, rag; ^pannōsus,^ tattered *27.2 articles of clothing, etc.* ^toga,^ toga (man's gown); $t.[oga] sordida$ /or/ $pulla$, worn in mourning; $t.[oga] virīlis$ /or/ $pūra$, garb of manhood; $togam virīlem sūmere$, come of age; $t.[oga] praetexta$, bordered with purple, worn by higher magistrates and free-born children; ^togātus,^ clad in the toga ^amictus, amiculum,^ outer garment ^paenula,^ (travelling) cloak (with hood) ^lacerna,^ (thick) cloak (with hood) ^sagum,^ coarse woollen mantle ^tunica,^ undergarment; $t.[unica] tālāris$, reaching to ankles; $t.[unica] manicāta$, with sleeves ^manicae,^ long sleeves of tunica ^palla, stola,^ robe (ladies' outer garment) ^pallium,^ (Greek) cloak, shawl ^chlamys,^ (Greek) upper garment, often worn over uniform ^fascia,^ band, fillet ^monīle,^ necklace ^redimīculum,^ necklace, chaplet ^torquis,^ necklace ^armilla,^ bracelet ^fībula,^ clasp, buckle ^sinus,^ fold; used as purse ^sūdārium,^ handkerchief ^pilleus,^ cap; /adj./ ^pilleātus^ ^mitra,^ turban ^calceus,^ shoe, half-boot ^caliga,^ leather shoe (especially of soldiers) ^solea, crepida,^ sandal ^sūtor,^ shoemaker +28 TOWN+ *28.1* ^urbs,^ town, city; ^Urbs,^ Rome; $urbem condere, cōnstituere$, found a city; /adj./ ^urbānus,^ of the city, /espec./ Rome; ^suburbānus,^ near Rome, suburban ^cīvis, urbānus,^ inhabitant of a city, town-dweller, citizen ^mūnicipium,^ free town; ^mūniceps, mūnicipālis homō,^ inhabitant of such a town; ^mūnicipālis,^ municipal, provincial ^arx,^ citadel ^oppidum,^ town (/usu. other than Rome/); /adj./ ^oppidānus,^ belonging to a (country) town, provincial; /as noun/ townsman ^colere, incolere, habitāre,^ inhabit; /noun/ ^incola, cultor,^ inhabitant; ^habitantźs,^ inhabitants; /adj./ ^habitābilis,^ inhabitable ^hominum numerō valźre,^ be populous ^emporium,^ market town ^vīcus,^ village; quarter (of town); /dimin./ ^vīculus;^ ^vīcānus,^ dwelling in a village ^pāgus,^ district, province, canton ^pāgānus,^ villager, rustic *28.2* ^moenia,^ walls (of city or fortress) ^mūrus^ (/usu. P/), wall ^pōmźrium,^ space within and without walls of town, kept free from buildings ^turris,^ tower ^specula,^ watch tower ^porta,^ gate; $portam praeclūdere$, bar g.[gate] ^via,^ road, street; ^platea, vīcus,^ street ^angiportum^ /or/ ^-us^, alley ^forum,^ public place, market place (/of various kinds/) ^spatium,^ promenade, public place or square; ^hortī^ (e.g. $Caesaris$), park, public gardens ... ... ^sźdźs, domicilium, habitātiō,^ dwelling-place; /see/ 29.1 ^obtinźre,^ occupy, possess ^cōnsīdere,^ settle, establish oneself ^commigrāre,^ remove (to another house or town) ^praedium,^ estate (in town or country), farm +29 HOUSE+ *29.1 houses* ^domus, aedźs^ (/P/), ^tźctum,^ house; $domus necessāriīs rźbus īnstrūcta$, a well-furnished house; ^aediculae,^ small house ^īnsula,^ block of tenements ^penātźs,^ home; ^focī,^ homes ^rźgia \[domus\]^, royal palace, residence ^turris,^ castle, palace ^cūria,^ town hall; ^basilica,^ public hall (town hall, exchange) ^aula,^ hall, palace; ^porticula,^ small hall ^suburbānum,^ villa in suburbs ^vīlla,^ country house, farm; ^vīcus,^ country seat; ^casa, tugurium,^ cottage, hut; ^mapālia^ (/P/), huts, tents; ^gurgustium,^ hovel, hut ^dźversōrium, dźverticulum, hospitium,^ inn, lodging; /verbs/ ^dźvertere, dźversārī,^ put up ^caupōna,^ inn ^sarta tźcta,^ buildings in good repair ^mercźdźs habitātiōnum annuae,^ rent ^domī,^ at home; ^forīs,^ out of doors ^carźre pūblicō,^ remain at home; ^in pūblicō esse,^ not to be at home *29.2 structure* ^aedificāre,^ build, erect, construct; /nouns/ ^aedificium,^ building; ^aedificātiō, aedificātor^ ^superficiźs,^ building ^exaedificāre,^ complete the building of ^astruere,^ build on ^architectus,^ architect; /verb/ ^architectārī;^ /noun/ ^architectūra^ ^fundāmentum,^ foundation ^later,^ brick ^tźctum,^ roof; ceiling; ^sōlārium,^ flat roof ^tźgula,^ roofing tile, roof ^lacūnar,^ (panelled) ceiling ^solum,^ floor ^pavīmentum,^ floor, pavement ^pinna,^ pinnacle ^fastīgium,^ gable ^columen,^ gable, column; ^columna, pīla,^ column, pillar ^porticus,^ collonade, gallery, porch, portico ^fornix,^ vault, arch ^pariźs,^ party-wall; $intrā parietźs$, within four walls /or/ by private agreement ^faucźs,^ passage ^scālae,^ staircase; ^gradus,^ step (of staircase) ^contabulātiō,^ floor, storey ^cźnāculum,^ upper floor ^gynaecźum,^ women's apartments *29.3 entrance* ^iānua,^ (front) door; ^valvae,^ folding doors; ^forźs^ (/P/), ^ōstium,^ door; ^postīcum,^ back-door ^pulsāre (ōstium),^ knock (at the door); $iānuam effringere$, burst door open ^iānitor,^ doorkeeper ^postis,^ doorpost; ^līmen,^ threshold ^cardō,^ hinge ^clāvis,^ key; ^repāgulum,^ bolt; ^claustra,^ bar, lock, bolt ^aperīre, reserere^ /plp./, open; ^patźre,^ stand open; ^claudere, operīre,^ shut; ^īnclūdere,^ shut in ^fenestra,^ window ^lūmināria,^ shutters *29.4 atrium, etc.* ^vestībulum,^ forecourt ^tablīnum,^ office ^ātrium,^ central hall ^perist~ylum,^ collonade round courtyard ^compluvium,^ skylight ^impluvium,^ basin for rain-water; /also/ = compluvium ^supellex,^ furniture ^sella,^ chair, stool; ^subsellium, sedīle^ /plp./, chair, bench; ^scamnum,^ stool, bench; ^cathedra,^ armchair ^pulvīnar,^ couch ^pulvīnus,^ cushion; /dimin./ ^pulvīllus^ ^arca,^ chest; money-box ^āra,^ altar ^abacus,^ sideboard ^peripetasma, peristrōma,^ carpet *29.5 dining* ^trīclīnium,^ dining-room, dining-couch; $in trīclīniō recumbere$ /or/ $discumbere$, our "sit down for a meal" ^mźnsa,^ table, meal; ($mźnsae$ \[D] /or/ $in convīviō$) $accubāre, accumbere, cubāre$, recline at table ^epulae^ (/P/), dishes, meal; ^ferculum,^ course ^secunda mźnsa,^ dessert ^ientāculum,^ breakfast; ^prandium,^ lunch; $invitāre ad p.[randium]$, invite to l.[unch]; $in prandiō accipere$ /Acpn/ $ad sź$, entertain to l.[unch]; /verb/ ^prandźre;^ N.B. ^prānsus,^ having lunched; ^cźna,^ dinner; $cźnam dare$ /Dpn/, entertain at table; /verb/ ^cźnāre^ /Acpn/ ^adhibźre epulīs^ /or/ ^cźnae,^ /or/ ^invītāre ad cźnam,^ invite to dinner ^convīvium,^ banquet, dinner-party; $c.[onvīvium] īnstruere$, get ready a b.[anquet]; $convīviō$ /or/ $in c.[onvīviō] interesse$, attend b.[anquet]; $c.[onvīvium] renuere$, decline invitation to dinner ^convīva,^ guest ^umbra,^ companion (of important guest) ^ministrāre^ (e.g. $pōcula, bibere$), serve (at table) ^daps, epulum,^ public dinner, solemn feast; banquet ^epulārī,^ feast ^lautus,^ sumptuous, luxurious ^lūxus, lūxuria,^ luxury; /adj./ ^lūxuriōsus^ *29.6 kitchen* ^culīna,^ kitchen ^cella,^ storeroom; $c.[ella] penāria$, s.[toreroom] for provision; $c.[ella] oleāria$, s.[toreroom] for oil ^carnārium,^ larder ^vās,^ utensil, dish ^urna,^ jar, bucket ^coquus,^ cook; /verb/ ^coquere,^ cook, boil, stew ^crūdus,^ uncooked, raw ^torrźre,^ roast, bake ^assum,^ roast meat, e.g. $assum vitulīnum$ ^frīgere,^ fry ^fervźre,^ boil (/intrans./) ^verū,^ spit, broach ^focus,^ fire-place ^furnus,^ oven, bakehouse ^vatillum,^ chafing-dish ^popīna,^ cookshop *29.7 food* ^vīctus,^ nourishment, diet ^alimentum, nūtrīmentum, cibus, penus,^ food; $corpus cibō cūrāre$, take food; $cibum tibi appōnō$, set food before you; /adj./ ^penārius^ ^źsca,^ solid food; ^źsculentus,^ edible ^edere,^ eat; ^exedere,^ eat up, consume; ^vźscī^ /Ab/, ^vīvere^ /Ab/, live on, feed on; ^dźvorāre, comedere,^ consume, devour; ^adedere,^ nibble ^edāx,^ devouring, voracious ^famźs,^ hunger; $famem dźpellere$ /or/ $explźre$, satisfy h.[unger]; $fame perīre$ /or/ $źnecārī$ /or/ $consūmī$, starve ^źsurīre,^ hunger ^iźiūnus,^ hungry, fasting; /noun/ ^iźiūnium^ ^inedia,^ fasting (/noun/), starvation ^aqua,^ water; /see 9.1/ ^satur,^ sated ^gula,^ appetite, gluttony ^ligūrītiō,^ fondness for dainties ^helluārī,^ guzzle ... ... ^carō,^ meat ^pānis,^ bread; ^pīstor,^ baker ^placenta,^ cake ^crūstum,^ pastry; ^crūstulum,^ small pastry, confectionery ^puls,^ porridge ^sāl,^ salt ^piper,^ pepper ^prōmulsis,^ savoury as first course ... ... ^lanx,^ dish ^patella,^ pan, plate ^patina,^ dish, pan ^pźlvis,^ basin ^sportella, sportula,^ little basket for food; its contents *29.8 drink* ^pōtiō,^ drink, beverage ^bibere,^ drink, ^pōtāre,^ drink, tipple; N.B. ^pōtus,^ /usu./ being drunk (intoxicated), /also/ having drunk /and/ having been drunk; ^pōtus,^ drinking; ^pōtātiō,^ drinking bout; ^pōtātor,^ toper ^propīnāre^ /Dpn/, drink to ^źbrius, vīnolentus,^ tipsy; /nouns/ ^źbrietās, vīnolentia;^ /adj./ ^vīnōsus,^ given to drink, bibulous ^crāpula,^ intoxication ^tźmulentus,^ drunk ^combibō, cōmissātor, compōtor,^ boon-companion ^effundere,^ pour out ^haurīre,^ drain ^sitis,^ thirst; $sitim explźre$, quench t.[hirst]; /verb/ ^sitīre^ ... ... ^puteus,^ well; /see 9.2/ ^dōlium,^ large jar ^hydria, ūrceus,^ jug (for water) ^lagoena,^ jug, flagon ^ampulla,^ flask ^lac,^ milk; /see 8.3/ ^vīnum,^ wine; /see 22.5/; /adj./ ^vīnārius;^ ^vīnārium,^ wine-pot ^mustum,^ grape juice, must; ^mulsum,^ honeyed wine ^faex,^ dregs ^acźtum,^ vinegar ... ... ^cūpa,^ cask ^crātźr,^ mixing bowl ^miscźre,^ mix, blend ^merus,^ unmixed, pure ^pōculum, calix, scyphus, cibōrium,^ cup, goblet ^cyathus,^ ladle (for wine) ^cūpa,^ cask ^cella vīnāria, apothźca,^ storeroom for wine *29.9 bedroom* ^cubiculum,^ bedroom, rest-room ^cubīle, lectus, torus,^ bed, couch; $in lectō iacźre$, lie in bed; $lectō tenźrī$, be confined to one's bed ^cūnae, cūnābula,^ cradle ^strātum,^ coverlet, blanket, pillow ^strāgula vestis,^ coverlet ^discumbere,^ lie down ^dormītum^ /or/ ^cubitum^ /or/ ^ad quiźtem īre^ /or/ ^trādere sź quiźtī, ad somnum^ /or/ ^ad dormiendum proficīsci,^ go to bed ^sōpīre, cōnsōpīre,^ lull to sleep, make to sleep; ^sōpītus,^ asleep ^obdormīre, obdormīscere, dormītāre,^ fall asleep ^dormīre, cubāre, quiźscere,^ sleep ... ... ^balneum, balneāria,^ bathroom; ^balneae,^ public baths; /adj./ ^balneārius;^ ^balneātor,^ bath-keeper ^alveus,^ bathing-tub ^piscīna,^ bathing-pool ^lavārī, aquā perfundī, perluī^ (e.g. $in flūminibus$), bathe ^somnus,^ sleep; $somnō prīvāre$ /Acpn/, $somnum$ /Dpn/ $adimere$, rob of sleep; $animus somnō relaxātus$, refreshed by s.[leep] ^excubāre,^ sleep out of doors ^somnium,^ dream; ^somnīre, in somnīs vidźre^ /Actg/, dream ^expergīscī,^ awake ^excitāre,^ arouse ^vigilāre,^ be awake, not sleep, be wakeful, keep watch; $v.[igilāre] noctźs$, not to sleep at night; ^vigilia,^ waking, watching ^insomnia,^ sleeplessness; ^somnum capere nōn posse,^ suffer from insomnia ^noctem pervigilāre,^ stay awake all night ... ... ^ārea,^ yard, court ^in prōpatulō,^ in the open court ^hortus,^ garden; /see 22.3/ +30 GOVERNMENT+ *30.1* ^cīvitās,^ state; $gubernātiō cīvitātis$, government of the s.[tate] ^pūblicus,^ public; $pūblica causa$, affair of the state ^rźspūblica,^ constitution, nation, politics, public life ^moderātor,^ /or/ ^gubernātor rźipūblicae,^ ruler of the state ^gubernātiō cīvitātis,^ government ^īnstitūta et lźgźs, lźgźs patriae,^ the constitution ^rempūblicam temperāre lźgibus,^ govern (a state) by laws ^commoda pūblica^ (/P/), the interests of the state ^sapientia cōnstituendae reīpūblicae, rźrum cīvīlium cōgnitiō et prūdentia,^ statesmanship ^sciźns reīpūblicae gerendae,^ a clever statesman ^diciō^ (/SN not in use/), rule, sovereignty, authority ^auctōritās, imperium,^ authority; $imperium singulāre$, sole a.[uthority]; $auctōritātem interpōnere$, assert a.[uthority] ^māiestās,^ majesty, dignity, sovereignty of the state ^dīgnitās,^ dignity, high rank ^nōbilitās,^ distinction, renown ^augustus,^ majestic, venerable ^īnsīgnis, praeclārus, nōbilis,^ distinguished, famous; ^nōbilitāre,^ make famous *30.2* ^status (cīvitātis),^ form of government ^omnium summa rźrum,^ supreme power ^imperium,^ empire; government; supreme power; $i.[mperium] singulāre$, autocracy; $i.[mperium] obtinźre$ /or/ $tenźre$, hold command; /Dpn/ $summam imperiī permittere$, entrust with supreme powers; $summam imperiī tenźre$, have supreme command; $imperiō potīrī$, gain supreme power; $imperiō praesidźre$, be president; $novīs imperiīs studźre$, work for a change of government; ^imperiōsus,^ mighty; ^imperāre,^ govern ^prīnceps, imperātor,^ emperor; ^imperātrīx,^ empress ^prīncipātus,^ supreme command, /later/ sovereignty ^rźgnum,^ kingdom; sovereignty; /Dpn/ $r.[źgnum] dźferre$, make king; $r.[źgnum] occupāre$, be king; $r.[źgnum] excipere$, succeed to the throne ^interrźgnum,^ interregnum (/with/ ^interrźx^) ^rźx,^ king; $r.[źx] fierī$, ascend the throne; $rźgem redūcere$, restore k.[ing] to throne; $rźgem rźgnō spoliāre$, dethrone k.[ing]; /adjs./ ^rźgius, rźgālis;^ $rźgia potestās$, royal power; ^rźgāle genus cīvitātis,^ monarchy ^rźgīna,^ queen ^vicārius rźgnī,^ viceroy ^rźgulus,^ chief, chieftain ^regere,^ rule (/intrans./) ^rźgnāre,^ reign ^praeesse^ /D/, rule over ^īnsīgnia rźgia,^ regalia; ^solium,^ throne; ^scźptrum,^ sceptre; ^purpura,^ royal (crimson) cloak ^satelles,^ lifeguard, attendant, bodyguard ^stīpātiō,^ retinue, suite ^tyrannus,^ tyrant, despot; /adj./ ^tyrannicus^ ^tyrannis, dominātiō, dominātus,^ tyranny *30.3* ^senātus,^ senate; $in senātum legere$, elect to s.[enate]; $in senātum venīre$ /or/ $pervenīre$, become a senator; $ex$ /or/ $dź senātū źicere, dź senātū movźre, senātū prohibźre$, remove from the s.[enate]; $dźscīscere ā senātū$, cease to be a senator ^decuria,^ division (one-tenth) of senate ^ōrdō senātōrius, Patrźs Cōnscrīptī, patrźs,^ the senators ^senātor,^ senator; ^tunica lāticlāvia,^ senator's robe of state, with broad purple stripes ^cūria,^ senate house ^senātum convocāre^ /or/ ^cōgere,^ call a meeting; ^senātum mittere^ /or/ ^dīmittere,^ adjourn meeting ^referre ad senātum^ /Actg or/ ^dź^ /Abtg/, make a motion in the senate ^cźnsźre,^ give an opinion, vote; decree ^cernere,^ decide ^sententia,^ vote; $(pedibus) īre in sententiam$, vote for a motion ^discessiō,^ division; $discessiōnem facere$, divide the senate (on a motion) ^īnfrequentia senātūs,^ absence of quorum in senate ^dźcernere, źdīcere,^ decree, decide; /noun/ ^dźcrźtum,^ decree ^senātūs cōnsultum^ /or/ ^auctōritās,^ decree of senate *30.4* ^honor,^ office, distinction, official dignity; $honōrem petere$, seek office ^status,^ rank, status (political or civil) ^ascendere in summum locum cīvitātis,^ attain the highest dignity in the state ^mūnus,^ post, function; $mūnere fungī$, administer, discharge an office ^magistrātus,^ civil office, magistracy; magistrate; $in magistrātū esse, manźre$, be, remain in office; $magistrātum habźre (obtinźre)$, hold office ^potestās,^ (magisterial) power, authority ^dictātor, magister populī,^ dictator; /adj./ ^dictātōrius;^ ^dictātūra,^ dictatorship; $dictātūram gerere$, be dictator ^cōnsul,^ consul; $rempūblicam cōnsulibus permittere$, give the consuls unlimited powers; /Acpn/ $cōnsulem facere (reficere)$, elect (re-elect) c.[onsul]; $c.[ōnsul] vitiōsus$, irregularly elected c.[onsul]; /adj./ ^cōnsulāris;^ ^cōnsulātus,^ office of c.[onsul], consulship; $cōnsulātum petere, adipīscī, obtinźre, inīre; cōnsulātū fungī; abīre, sź abdicāre cōnsulātū$, resign the c.[onsulship]; $cōnsulātū perāctō$, on the completion of his consulship ^praetor,^ praetor; /adj./ ^praetōrius;^ ^praetūra,^ praetorship ^cźnsor,^ censor; /adj./ ^cźnsōrius;^ ^cźnsūra,^ censorhsip ^aedīlis,^ aedile; /the/ aedīlźs /were/ curūlźs /or/ plźbźiī; /adj./ ^aedīlicius^ ^quaestor,^ quaestor; /adj./ ^quaestōrius;^ ^quaestūra,^ quaestorship ^tribūnus,^ tribune; /adj./ ^tribūnīcius;^ ^tribūnātus,^ tribuneship; $dźpellere$ /Acpn/ $tribūnātū$, drive out of the tribuneship ^sella curūlis,^ official seat (used by consuls, praetors and curule aediles) ^tribūnal,^ platform on which seats of magistrates were placed ^accźnsus, appāritor,^ minor state official ^stator,^ magistrate's attendant ^lictor,^ lictor ^fascźs,^ rods and axe ^ad rempūblicam accźdere^ /or/ ^sź cōnferre, rempūblicam capessere, forum attingere,^ enter politicial life; ^dź forō dźcźdere,^ abandon political life ^prīvātus,^ citizen not holding public office ^honōribus dźfūnctus,^ one who has held office *30.5 elections* ^(honōrem) petere,^ seek office, stand for, be candidate for; ^petītor,^ candidate; ^petītiō,^ candidature ^(nōmen) profitźrī,^ give in one's name ^candidātus,^ candidate (in "toga candida"); $mź candidātum cōnsulātūs profiteor$, declare that I am standing for the consulship ^ambitiō,^ canvassing; /verb/ ^ambīre^ ^comitia,^ public assembly ^creāre,^ elect ^cooptāre,^ co-opt; /noun/ ^cooptātiō^ ^suffrāgium,^ right of voting; vote; voting tablet; $s.[uffrāgium] ferre, suffrāgārī$, give one's vote; $s.[uffrāgium] inīre$, proceed to vote ^refrāgārī,^ vote against, oppose ^tabella,^ voting tablet ^pūnctum,^ vote; $pūncta ferre$, gain votes ^manum porrigere,^ hold up hand (in voting) ^diribźre,^ sort voting tablets; /nouns/ ^diribitiō, diribitor^ ^renūntiāre,^ announce result ^repulsa,^ defeat; $repulsam ferre$, be rejected *30.6* ^cīvis,^ citizen; $bonus (optimus) c.[īvis]$, a true patriot; $c.[īvis] ācerrimus$, an ardent patriot; /adjs./ ^cīvīlis, cīvicus,^ civil, civic; ^cīvīliter,^ like a good citizen ^pietās, amor in patriam,^ patriotism ^bene dź rźpūblicā sentīre,^ be patriotic ^populāris,^ fellow-countryman ^peregrīnus,^ alien (not Roman citizen) ^externus,^ foreign, strange ^caput,^ civil rights, status; $capite sź dźminuere$ /or/ $dźminuī$, lose civil rights; $capitis dźminūtiō$, loss of civil rights ^cīvitās,^ citizenship; $dōnāre$ /Acpn/ $cīvitāte$, bestow c.[itizenship] on one; $recipere$ /or/ $ascrībere$ /Acpn/ $in cīvitātem$, admit one to the right of c.[itizenship]; $largīre$ /Dpn/ $cīvitātem$, confer citizenship; $adimere$ /Dpn/ $cīvitātem$, deprive one of c.[itizenship] ^a(d)scīscere,^ admit (as citizen) ^in integrum restituere,^ restore to full rights ^ascrībere,^ enrol; ^cōnscrīptus,^ on the roll; ^cźnsus,^ register, burgess roll ^nota,^ brand, stigma, $nota cźnsōria$, note of censure (in censor's list) ^relźgāre,^ banish (without loss of civil rights or property) ^exsul,^ exile; ^exsilium,^ exile, banishment; $exsiliō afficere$, punish with exile; $in exsilium źicere, exigere, expellere, pellere$, banish; $in exsilium īre, pergere, proficīscī$, go into e.[xile]; ^exsulāre,^ be an exile, live in exile; $dź exsiliō revocāre, redūcere$, recall from e.[xile] ^ex patrīa źicere, ā patriā expellere, cīvitāte exturbāre,^ expel from the country; ^źiectiō,^ banishment ^prōscrībere,^ outlaw, proscribe; ^prōscrīptus,^ outlaw; ^prōscrīptiō,^ outlawry ^solum vertere^ /or/ ^mūtāre,^ go into exile ^mūtārī cīvitāte,^ be banished ^extermināre, interdīcere^ /Dpn/ ^aquā et īgnī, cīvitāte^ /or/ ^patriā pellere,^ banish *30.7* ^nōbilis, generōsus,^ noble; $nōbilī genere nātus$, of noble family ^nōbilitās,^ high birth, aristocracy ^clārus,^ illustrious; ^clāritās,^ renown ^celeber,^ renowned, famous; /noun/ ^celebritās;^ /verb/ ^celebrāre^ ^summō locō nātus,^ of a noble family; ^honestō locō nātus,^ of good family ^humilibus parentibus^ /or/ ^obscūrīs māiōribus nātus^ /or/ ^ortus,^ of humble birth ^humilitās, obscūritās,^ humble birth ^īgnōbilis,^ obscure, of low birth; /noun/ ^īgnōbilitās^ ^sordźs,^ low social status; ^sordidus,^ of mean birth, humble ^patricius,^ patrician; a patrician; ^optimās,^ aristocratic; /P/, aristocracy; ^optimī cīvźs,^ optimates; ^prīmōrźs^ /P/, nobles, patricians; ^procerźs, prīmī^ (/or/ ^prīncipźs^) ^cīvitātis^, leading men, nobles ^bona ratiō,^ conservative party or attitude ^equitźs^ /P/, ^ōrdō equester,^ capitalist class ^bonī,^ men of substance, the upper class ^assiduus,^ one who pays tribute (citizen of upper classes) ^homō ingenuus,^ freeborn man ^populārźs^ /P/, people's party ^aura populāris,^ favour of the masses ^plźbs, plźbźs, ōrdō plźbźius,^ plebeian order, commons; ^plźbźius,^ plebeian; ^plźbźcula,^ rabble ^prōlźtārius,^ proletarian, citizen of lowest classes ^tenuiōrźs, tunicātī,^ people of the lower classes ^aerārius,^ member of lowest class of citizens ^capite cźnsī,^ assessed as persons merely, not according to income, but ability to labour ^novus homō, homō ā sź ortus,^ a self-made man, upstart ^factiō,^ party, class, faction; /adj./ ^factiōsus^ *30.8 revenue* ^aerārium, pūblicum, pecūnia pūblica,^ treasury, exchequer ^fiscus,^ state treasury ^vectīgal,^ tax, toll; $v.[ectīcal] impōnere$, tax; $exigere$, claim, exact; $pendere$, pay; $locāre$, farm out; $dź vectīgālibus eximere$, /or/ $levāre vectīgālī$, exempt from taxation ^stipendium,^ tax (payable in money) ^portōrium,^ duty on imported and exported goods; ^portitor,^ custom-house officer ^tribūtum,^ tribute, military tax; $t.[ribūtum] impōnere$, impose t.[ribute]; $t.[ribūtum] cōnferre, facere, pendere$, pay t.[ribute] ^immūnis,^ exempt from taxation; /noun/ ^immūnitās^ ^agrōs līberāre,^ free lands from taxation ^pūblicānus,^ tax-collector ^manceps, redźmptor,^ contractor ^locātiō,^ contract for right of collecting taxes ^redźmptiō,^ farming of the revenue ... ... ^pūblicāre,^ make public property, confiscate ^prōscrībere,^ publish (a man) as having forfeited his property, punish with confiscation, confiscate ^addīcere bona^ /Gpn/ ^in pūblicum,^ confiscate *30.9 offences against state* ^iniūriae pūblicae,^ offences against the state ^in rźpūblicā peccāre,^ offend against the state ^coniūrāre contrā^ /Ac/, enter into a conspiracy against; ^coniūrātiō,^ plot, conspiracy; $prīncipźs coniūrātiōnis$, heads of conspiracy; $c.[oniūrātiō] contrā rempūblicam$; $coniūrātiōnem invźstīgāre$, be on the track of a c.[onspiracy]; ^coniūrātī,^ conspirators; ^cōnscius (scelerum),^ accomplice ^cōnspīrāre,^ plot together ^cōnsźnsiō, coitiō, conspīrātiō,^ conspiracy ^novae rźs,^ revolution; $novīs rźbus studźre$, be eager for revolution ^tumultus, mōtus,^ uproar, civil war, sudden rising, disturbance ^sźditiō,^ mutiny, insurrection, /see 37.3/; ^sźditiōsus,^ factious, disaffected ^sźcźdere,^ secede, revolt; /noun/ ^sźcessiō^ ^dźficere ab^ /Ab/, revolt from; ^dźfectiō,^ revolt, rebellion ^dź occupandō rźgnō mōlīrī,^ strive to usurp the government ^malī^ /or/ ^improbī (cīvźs),^ unpatriotic citizens ^contrā rźgem (rempūblicam) arma sūmere,^ be a rebel; ^male sentīre,^ be disaffected ^cīvis impius, parricīda patriae,^ traitor; ^parricīdium patriae,^ treason ^perduelliō,^ treason; $perduelliōnis$ /or/ $māiestātis reus$, traitor ^lźx māiestātis,^ law relating to treason ^māiestātem minuere^ /or/ ^laedere,^ be guilty of high treason; $māiestātis accūsāre$, accuse of treason; $māiestātis damnāre$, convict of treason ^perduelliōnis iūdicium,^ trial for treason +31 RELIGION+ ^rźs dīvīnae^ /or/ ^sacrae,^ religion *31.1* ^rźs dīvīna^ (/also P/), worship, sacrifice ^religiō,^ piety; religious scruple; (/S or P/) religion ^sacra^ (/P/), worship; $s.[acra] facere$, engage in worship; ^magister sacrōrum,^ high priest ^mystźria,^ secret worship; /adj./ ^mysticus^ ^deus, dīvus, caelestis^ (/usu. P/), god; ^dea, dīva,^ goddess ^dīvīnitās,^ divinity ^ambrosia,^ food of the gods; ^nectar,^ drink of the gods ^nympha,^ nymph ^superī,^ gods above ^īnferī,^ dwellers below, the dead; ^Mānźs,^ spirits of the dead; gods of the lower world ^dīvīnus, caelestis,^ divine ^immortālis,^ undying; /noun/ ^immortālitās^ ^nūmen,^ divine power, divine will, deity ^sānctus,^ holy, inviolable; /noun/ ^sānctitās;^ ^sacer,^ sacred, consecrated; accursed ^sollemnis,^ religious ^rītus, caerimōnia, sollemne,^ rite, ceremony ^rīte,^ with proper rites ^pompa,^ solemn or festal procession ^sacrum,^ sacred vessel ^capźdō,^ sacrificial bowl ^venerārī,^ worship; ^colere,^ worship (by rites); /nouns/ ^venerātiō, cultus;^ ^adōrāre,^ worship, implore ^obsecrāre^ /Ac/, ^supplicāre^ /D/, implore; ^supplex,^ suppliant ^adīre deōs,^ approach the gods as a suppliant ^precārī, invocāre,^ pray, invoke; ^precźs^ (/P/), prayer; $adhibźre p.[recźs] diīs immortālibus$, pray to the gods; ^precātiō,^ prayer ^plācāre,^ appease ^vōtum,^ prayer ^celebrāre,^ solemnise, keep a festival ^pius,^ pious, devout; /noun/ ^pietās^ ^religiō,^ piety, faith; ^religiōsus,^ pious ^fźstus,^ festal, solemn; $diem fźstum agere$ /or/ $agitāre$, keep holiday ^diźs fāstus,^ day on which business could be done; ^diźs nefāstus,^ day on which no official business could be transacted ... ... ^vovźre, dźvovźre,^ vow, dedicate; ^vōtum^ (/usu. P/), vow, solemn promise; votive offering; $vōta facere$ /or/ $nūncupāre$, make vows; $v.[ōtum] reddere$ /or/ $solvere$, fulfil v.[ow]; ^vōtīvus,^ promised by vow, given in fulfilment of vow; ^dźvōtiō,^ consecration, vow ^sacrāre, cōnsecrāre, dicāre, dźdicāre,^ dedicate; /noun/ ^cōnsecrātiō^ ^inaugurāre,^ consecrate, e.g. $templum$ ^mactāre,^ dedicate (as offering) ^profānus,^ unconsecrated, profane ^polluere,^ desecrate *31.2* ^cultus deōrum, sacra pūblica,^ public worship ^iūs dīvīnum,^ religious law ^templum, aedźs, fānum, dźlūbrum^ (/usu. P/), temple, sanctuary ^sacellum,^ sanctuary, chapel ^sacrārium,^ shrine, sanctuary ^āra,^ altar; ^tūs, suffīmentum,^ incense; ^lībāre,^ pour out as an offering; ^lībāmentum,^ libation ^simulācrum, imāgō,^ image, statue ^sacerdōtium,^ priesthood ^pontifex,^ pontiff; ^pontificātus,^ pontiffship; /adj./ ^pontificālis^ ^sacerdōs,^ priest, priestess; ^flāmen,^ priest (of particular deity) ^antistes, antistita,^ high priest(ess), overseer of temple ^collźgium, sodālitās, sodālicium,^ college of priests; ^sodālis,^ member of such a college ^virgō Vestālis,^ Vestal virgin ^sacrificium,^ sacrifice; /verb/ ^sacrificāre;^ ^sacrum facere,^ perform sacrifice; ^hostia, victima,^ animal sacrificed, victim; ^mactāre, immolāre,^ sacrifice, immolate, worship; ^lūstrāre,^ purify (by sacrifice); /noun/ ^lūstrātiō;^ ^litāre,^ sacrifice under favourable conditions *31.3* ^sacra prīvāta,^ household worship ^Lār,^ tutelary deity ^Larārium,^ household shrine ^Penātźs^ (/P/), household deities ^genius,^ guardian spirit *31.4 impiety; superstition* ^impius, nefārius,^ irreligious, ungodly; /nouns/ ^impietās, neglegentia deōrum, nūllus deōrum metus,^ irreligion ^sacrilegus,^ sacrilegious, impious; /also noun/ ^violāre deōs immortālźs,^ be impious ^superstitiō, nimia^ /or/ ^prāva^ /or/ ^perversa religiō^ /or/ ^religiō^ /alone/, ^inānis timor deōrum,^ superstition; $superstitiōne imbūtus$, steeped in s.[uperstition]; /adj./ ^superstitiōsus, religiōsus^ ^lamia,^ witch ^larvae, lźmurźs,^ ghosts *31.5 prophecy* ^vātźs,^ prophet, prophetess, seer, bard ^sāga,^ prophetess ^augur,^ diviner, soothsayer; /verb/ ^augurārī;^ ^augurium, augurātiō,^ augury, divination ^haruspex, sortilegus,^ soothsayer ^hostia,^ victim; ^exta^ (/n P/), entrails ^auspex,^ bird seer; /verb/ ^auspicārī,^ take auspices; ^auspicium,^ auspices, guidance ^ōrāculum,^ oracle ^ōmen, prōdigium, mōnstrum, portentum,^ sign, token, portent; $ōmen dźtestārī$, avert an omen ^faustus, fźlīx,^ propitious, lucky; ^īnfźlīx, laevus, sinister,^ unfortunate, unlucky; ^dīrus,^ ill-omened, portentous; ^obscźnum ōmen,^ evil omen, portent; ^bonīs, secundīs avibus,^ with a good omen; in a happy hour; /opposite/ ^avī malā;^ ^auspicia secunda (īnfźlīcia),^ good (bad) omens ^praepes,^ auspicious (of birds in augury) ^praerogātīva,^ good omen ^dīvīnāre, ōminārī, portendere, praecinere, praenūntiāre, vāticinārī,^ prophesy; /nouns/ ^dīvīnātiō, vāticinātiō^ ^praedīcere,^ foretell; /nouns/ ^praedictiō, praedictum^ ^fātidicus,^ prophesying ^obnūntiāre,^ announce an ill omen ^prōcūrāre,^ avert ill omen by sacrifice; /noun/ ^prōcūrātiō^ ^praesāgiźns malōrum animus,^ a (gloomy) forebodying; ^praesentīre,^ have a foreboding +32 CHANCE; FATE+ *32.1* ^fortūna, cāsus, fors,^ chance, fortune; $lūdibria fortūnae$, playthings of fate; $tźla fortūnae$, shafts of fate; $vulnere fortūnae percussus$, stricken by misfortune; $vaga f.[ortūna]$, fickle f.[ortune]; $caecus cāsus$, blind chance; $māgnus cāsus$, pure chance; /adj./ ^fortuītus,^ accidental ^forte, fortuītō, cāsū,^ by chance; $forte ac cāsū$, by mere chance ^sors, fātum,^ lot, fate, destiny ^fātālis,^ destined, fated ^sors,^ lot, decision by lot; $tollere sortźs$, draw lots; ^sortīrī,^ cast or draw lots; ^sortītō,^ by lot; ^sortītiō,^ drawing of lots ^sitella,^ small urn for drawing lots ^ālea,^ die; $āleam iacere,$ throw a die ^tessera,^ die (with 6 numbers); $tesserās iacere$ ^tālus,^ die (with 4 numbers); $tālīs lūdere$ ^Venus,^ best, /and/ ^canis,^ worst throw of dice ^occāsiō, facultās,^ opportunity ^accidere, źvenīre,^ happen, turn out; $accidit$ /or/ $źvźnit, ut adessem$, I happened to be present ^intervenīre,^ happen, occur ^temeritās,^ chance, accident ^contingere, obtingere, obvenīre,^ fall to the lot of, befall ^quīcumque ventī erunt,^ whatever may happen ^źventus, źventum, prōventus, exitus,^ result, issue ^sīc placitum^ (/scil./ ^dīs^), such was the dispensation of heaven *32.2 favourable* ^fźlīcitās, prospera (flōrźns, secunda) fortūna, rźs prosperae (secundae), prosperitās,^ good fortune ^rźs flōrentissimae,^ flourishing circumstances ^rźbus ad nostram voluntātem fluentibus,^ things going as we desire ^fźlīx, fortūnātus,^ fortunate, lucky, well-off ^rźs mihi succźdit^ (/or without/ ^rźs^), I am successful ^successus,^ good result, success ^peropportūnź accidit, ut,^ it is most fortunate that ^źvādere,^ turn out, result ^omnia prosperź źveniunt, prōcźdunt^ /or/ ^succźdunt,^ all goes well ^prōficere,^ succeed, get on well ^pulchrź est mihi,^ all goes well with me ^mihi omnia iūcunda cecidźrunt,^ all has turned out well for me ^deōrum beneficiō accidit, ut...,^ happily, by heaven's favour ^cōnsiliō deōrum,^ providentially ^auspicātō,^ at a favourable time *32.3 unfavourable* ^rźs adversae, fortūna adversa^ /or/ ^afflīcta,^ adversity ^extrźmā fortūnā,^ in greatest distress ^calamitās, cāsus, clādźs, fātum, īnfźlīcitās, perniciźs,^ misfortune, disaster; $calamitāte percussus$, hit by m.[isfortune]; /adj./ ^calamitōsus^ ^fulmina fortūnae,^ blows of misfortune, calamities ^ictus novae calamitātis,^ blow of a fresh misfortune ^sī gravius quid accidat,^ in case of misfortune ^sź fortūna inclīnāverat,^ there was a change for the worse ^incommodum,^ unfortunate event; $importāre i.[ncommodum]$, cause trouble ^labor,^ hardship, trouble; ^labōriōsus,^ harassed ^īnfźlīx,^ ill-starred, unfortunate ^perniciōsus, fūnestus,^ fatal, baleful ^male źvenīre,^ turn out badly, go ill ^āctum est dź^ /Ab/, it is all over with; $dź summā rź āctum est$, all is lost +33 PROPERTY, TRADE+ *33.1 property* ^rźs, bona^ (/P/), ^fortūnae^ (/P/), ^pecūnia,^ property, goods ^proprius,^ own, peculiar, personal, characteristic ^rźs familiāris^ (/or/ ^prīvāta^), private property; $rem familiārem neglegere$, mismanage one's estate; $r.[em] f.[amiliārem] dissipāre$, squander ^patrimōnium,^ inherited estate; $p.[atrimōnium] effundere, dźvorāre, profundere$, squander ones inheritance ^vectīgal,^ income; $v.[ectīcal] māgnum (tenue)$, large (slender) i.[ncome]; ^praediōrum frūctus,^ income from estates ^possidźre,^ possess, own; ^possessiō,^ holding, occupation; $in possessiōnem venīre$ /or/ $proficīscī$, come into possession; $possessiōnem bonōrum$ /Dpn/ $dare$ /or/ $trādere$, give one possession of goods; ^possessor,^ holder (not necessarily owner) ^possīdere,^ take possession of ^dominus,^ /poet./ ^erus,^ master, owner, proprietor; ^dominium,^ ownership ^potīrī,^ get possession of ^comparāre,^ procure; /noun/ ^comparātiō^ ^praedia obligāta,^ mortgaged; /opposite/ ^solūta^ ^ūsūcapere,^ acquire possession by long use; /noun/ ^ūsūcapiō^ *33.2 money* ^pecūnia,^ money; $māgnae pecūniae$, large sums of money; $pecūniās źrogāre$, spend m.[oney]; $pecūniam dźvorāre, effundere, lacerāre$, squander m.[oney]; /noun/ ^effūsiō;^ $pecūniās exigere$, exact payment; $pecūnia vī expressa$, extorted m.[oney]; $pecūniam expedīre$, gain m.[oney]; /Dpn/ $pecūniam numerāre$ /or/ $repraesentāre$, pay down; $pecūnia numerāta$, cash; $numerātō solvere$, pay in cash; ^repraesentātiō,^ payment in cash; ^(rem) solvere, pecūniam pendere^ /or/ ^solvere^ /or/ ^dissolvere, pźnsitāre,^ pay; ^persolvere,^ pay completely, in full ^pźnsiō,^ instalment ^nummus,^ coin, money; $in suīs nummīs multīs esse$ /or/ $versārī$, have plenty of (ready) money; $in nummīs habźre$, have in ready money ^aes,^ money ^talentum^ = 60 minae; ^mina^ = 100 dźnāriī; ^dźnārius,^ silver coin (about 8d.) ^sźstertius, nummus,^ sesterce (about 2d.); ^sźstertia^ = 1000 sesterces; ^sźstertium^ = 100,000 sesterces ^ās,^ penny; ^sextāns,^ farthing, mite ^monźta,^ mint ^loculī,^ casket (with compartments), purse ^fiscus,^ money-bag ^sacculus, marsuppium,^ pouch, purse ^crumźna,^ purse (hung round neck) ^zōna,^ money-belt ^arca,^ money-chest, safe ^thźca nummāria,^ money-box ^ad nummum convenit,^ it is correct to a penny ^cōdex acceptī et expźnsī,^ account-book of income and expenditure *33.3 rich/poor* ... rich ... ^dīves,^ rich; ^dīvitiae,^ riches; $dīvitiīs$ /Acpn/ $augźre$, enrich ^opźs^ (/P/), wealth, resources; $opibus$ (/or/ $bonīs$ /or/ $dīvitiīs$ /or/ $pecūniā$) $abundāre$ /or/ $flōrźre$ /or/ $valźre$, be very well off, be very wealthy ^rźs flōrentźs,^ affluent circumstances ^facultātźs^ (/P/), riches ^opulentus,^ wealthy; /noun/ ^opulentia^ ^locuplźs, pecūniōsus, bene nummātus,^ wealthy; ^locuplźtāre,^ enrich ^abundāns,^ wealthy; /noun/ ^abundantia^ ^thźsaurus,^ treasure ^gaza,^ treasure, riches ^pecūniae cupidus,^ greedy for money; /see also 38.9/ ^frūgālis,^ thrifty ... poor ... ^tenuis,^ poor; $t.[enuis] fortūna$, humble means; ^tenuitās,^ poverty ^pecūniae^ (/G/) ^angustiae^ (/P/), straitened means ^abiectae rźs,^ reduced circumstances ^difficultās nummāria,^ lack of ready money ^pauper,^ poor; /noun/ ^paupertās^ ^egźns, egźnus,^ destitute; /noun/ ^egestās^ ^inopia,^ need, indigence, privation; $inopiā labōrāre$ /or/ $premī$, be crushed by want; /adj./ ^inops^ ^pźnūria,^ want, scarcity ^egźre^ (/or/ ^indigźre^) ^pecūniae^ (/or/ ^pecūniā^), ^carźre pecūniā,^ lack money ^mendīcus,^ /f/ ^mulier mendīca,^ beggar; ^mendīcitās,^ indigence; /verb/ ^mendīcāre^ *33.4 give/receive* ... give, lend; credit ... ^dare,^ give; /see 34/ ^mūtuum,^ loan ^dō tibi pecūniam mūtuam, crźdō tibi pecūniam,^ lend you money ^pecūniās apud tź occupō,^ lend you money on interest ^dare ūtendum,^ lend; ^fźnus,^ interest on money lent; ^fźnerārī,^ lend on interest ^sors,^ invested capital ^ūsūra,^ interest ^reposcere,^ demand back ^fidźs,^ credit; $f.[idźs] angusta$, low credit ^crźditor,^ creditor ^toculliō,^ usurer ... receive, borrow, owe ... ^accipere,^ receive; $in acceptum tibi referō$, place to your credit, am indebted to you for ^mūtuārī, pecūniās mūtuās sūmere ab^ /Ab/, ^mūtuō sūmere, rogāre ūtendum, accipere ūtendum,^ borrow ^pecūniās sūmere mūtuās,^ get a loan ^impendium,^ interest on a loan ^dźbźre,^ owe; ^dźbitor,^ debtor; ^dźbitum,^ debt ^aes aliźnum,^ debt; $a.[es] a.[liźnum] contrahere$ (/or/ $facere$), run up a debt; $in aere aliźnō esse$, be in debt; $ex aere aliźnō labōrāre$, be burdened with debt; $aere aliźnō obruī$, be over the ears in debt; $in aere aliźnō vacillāre$, stagger under a load of debt; $aere aliźnō dźmersus$, deep in debt; /Acpn/ $aere aliźnō obstringere$, bring into debt; /Dpn/ $aes aliźnum dōnāre$, cancel a debt; $sź aere aliźnō exserere$ /or/ $levāre$ /or/ $līberāre, aere aliźnō exīre$, get out of debt ^obaerātus,^ in debt; /as noun/ debtor ^bonum nōmen,^ a good debtor ^nōmen^ (/or/ ^crźditās pecūniās^ /or/ ^aes aliźnum^) ^solvere^ /or/ ^dissolvere^ /or/ ^exsolvere, nōmina līberāre,^ discharge a debt ^versūra,^ borrowing of money to pay a loan ^solvendō nōn esse,^ be insolvent ^bonam cōpiam źiūrāre,^ swear that one is insolvent ^dźcoquere,^ run through one's fortune ^conturbāre^ (/also with/ ^ratiōnem^ /or/ ^ratiōnźs^), become bankrupt ^homō dīrutus, dźcoctor,^ bankrupt ^ergastulum,^ workhouse for debtors ^nectī ob aes aliźnum,^ be imprisoned or enslaved for debt; ^nexum inīre,^ become enslaved through debt *33.5 trade* ^mercātus,^ trade; /verb/ ^mercārī^ ^mercātūra,^ trade; $m.[ercātūra] māgna et cōpiōsa$, wholesale t.[rade]; $mercātūram facere$, trade ^quaestus,^ trade, calling ^negōtiātiō,^ wholesale business, banking business ^negōtiātor,^ merchant, banker; /verb/ ^negōtiārī;^ ^argentārius,^ banker; ^mercātor,^ merchant, (wholesale) dealer; ^caupō,^ retailer, shopkeeper; innkeeper; ^īnstitor, tabernārius,^ small dealer ... ... ^merx, vźnālia^ (/P/), goods, wares, merchandise ^forum, mercātus, macellum^ (for provisions), ^emporium,^ market, market-place ^nūndinae,^ market day, weekly market ^nūndinātiō,^ trafficking, business ^taberna,^ shop ^argentāria,^ bank; $argentāriam facere$, be a money-changer ^mźnsārius,^ public banker ^societās,^ joint-stock company ^socius,^ partner ... selling ... ^vźndere,^ sell; $rźctź v.[źndere]$, s.[ell] dear; $male$ /or/ $parvō pretiō v.[źndere]$, s.[ell] at a sacrifice; ^vźnditāre,^ try to sell; ^vźnditor,^ seller; ^vźnditiō,^ sale, auction ^exigere,^ demand ^partem octāvam pretiī concźdere,^ allow a discount of 12 1\/2 per cent ^vźnīre,^ be sold ^licźre,^ be on sale ^vźnālis,^ for sale ^auctiō,^ auction; $auctiōnem prōscrībere$, announce sale; ^prōscrīptiō,^ public notice of sale; ^ātria auctiōnāria,^ sale-rooms ^pecūniam redigere,^ get money by selling ^actum, pactiō, compectum^ (/also/ ^compactum^), ^conventum,^ agreement, contract; ^pacīscī,^ make a bargain; /adv./ ^compectō,^ according to agreement; ^pactor,^ negotiator ^ratum facere^ /or/ ^habźre,^ ratify, approve ^stipulārī,^ stipulate, bargain; /noun/ ^stipulātiō^ ^opus locāre,^ give out a contract; $opus condūcere$, take a contract ^manceps, redźmptor,^ contractor ^aestimāre,^ set a price on; $māgnī a.[estimāre]$, value highly; ^aestimātiō,^ valuation; ^aestimātor,^ appraiser ^prō nihilō dūcere^ /Actg/, set no value on ^pretium,^ price; $p.[retium] cōnstituere$ /or/ $cōnficere$, fix p.[rice]; $māgnī (parvī) pretiī esse$, be worth much (little) ^impendium,^ cost, expense ^ratiō,^ reckoning; $ratiōnem reddere$, render account; $ratiōnźs putāre cum$ /Abpn/, settle accounts with; $r.[atiō] acceptōrum et datōrum$, credit and debit account ^frūctus, lucrum,^ gain, profit; /Actg/ $in lucrīs pōnere$, count as gain; /verb/ ^lucrārī, lucrifacere, merźre,^ earn, gain; ^quaestus,^ profit (in trade), gain; /adj./ ^quaestuōsus,^ profitable, eager for gain; ^źmolumentum,^ advantage, gain; ^compendium,^ saving, gain (through saving) ^pecūniam in^ /Gtg/ ^źmptiōne cōnsūmere,^ invest money in the purchase of; ^pecūniam in praediō pōnere,^ invest money in an estate ... buying ... ^emere,^ buy; ^redimere,^ buy back; ^źmptor,^ purchaser; ^źmptiō,^ purchase; ^redźmptiō,^ buying back ^nūndinārī,^ chaffer; buy ^solvere, rem^ /or/ ^pecūniam solvere,^ pay ^cārus,^ dear; /noun/ ^cāritās^ ^male emere,^ buy dear; ^impźnsō pretiō emere,^ buy at a high price ^pretiōsus,^ costly ^vīlis,^ cheap; ^vīlī,^ cheaply; /noun/ ^vīlitās^ ^bene emere,^ buy cheap ^grātīs, grātuītō,^ for nothing, gratuitously; $grātīs vīvere$, live rent-free ^cōnstāre,^ cost; $nimiō cōnstat$, costs too much ^sūmptus,^ expense, cost; $sūmptum in /Actg/ īnsūmere$, spend money on; /adj./ ^sūmptuōsus,^ expensive, costly ^impendium, impźnsa,^ expense, expenditure; $impźnsam impōnere$ /Dtg/, spend money on; $sine impendiō, nūllā impźnsā$, without cost ^auctiō,^ auction; ^licźrī,^ bid (at an auction); $contrā licźrī$, outbid ^damnum, iactūra,^ loss; $d.[amnum]$ /or/ $iactūram facere$, incur loss; $d.[amnum] źmptōrī praestāre$, guarantee purchaser against loss; $nōn māgnā iactūrā factā$, at no great expense ^dźtrīmentum,^ damage, loss; $d.[źtrīmentum] capere$, incur loss ^frūctūs industriae perdere,^ lose the fruits of industry *33.6 inheritance* ^testāmentum,^ will; $t.[estāmentum] improbum$, invalid w.[ill]; $t.[estāmentum] facere, scrībere$ /or/ $cōnscrībere$, draw up a w.[ill]; $t.[estāmentum] rumpere$ /or/ $irritum facere$, revoke a w.[ill]; $t.[estāmentum] obsīgnāre$, affix seal to w.[ill]; $testāmenta subicere$, forge w.[ill]; $testāmenta falsa suppōnere$, substitute a forged w.[ill] ^tabulae testātae,^ will ^źlogium,^ codicil ^lźgāre,^ bequeathe ^lźgātum^ (/usu. P/), legacy ^intestātus,^ intestate ^hźrźs,^ heir, heiress; $h.[źrźs] esse$ /Gpn or Dpn/, be heir to; $h.[źrźs] ex asse$, sole h.[eir]; $Mārcum hźrźdem facere, īnstituere, scrībere$, make M.[arcus] one's heir ^hźrźditās,^ inheritance; $hźrźditātem adīre, capere, cōnsequī, relinquere$; /adj./ ^hźrźditārius^ ^herctum ciźre,^ divide an inheritance ^patrimōnium,^ estate inherited from father; see 33.1 ^exhźrźdāre,^ disinherit; ^exhźrźs,^ disinherited *33.7 slavery/freedom* .... slavery ... ^servitium, servitūs,^ slavery; $esse in servitūte$, be a slave; $servitūtem perferre$, endure s.[lavery]; ^servīre,^ be a slave, in service ^servus, serva,^ slave; /diminutive/ ^servulus, servula;^ /adj./ ^servīlis^ ^mancipium,^ ownership; slave ^verna,^ home-born slave ^ancilla,^ female slave ^vźnālis,^ slave exposed for sale /Acpn/ ^in servitūtem asserere,^ claim as one's slave ^sub corōnā^ (/or/ ^hastā^) ^vźndere (venīre),^ sell (be sold) into slavery ^in servitium dūcere, in servitūtem redigere, abdūcere, abstrahere, trādere,^ enslave, reduce to slavery ^fugitīvus,^ deserter, fugitive slave ^ergastulum,^ workhouse for slaves ^pecūlium,^ private property of a slave ^diārium,^ daily ration of slaves ... freedom ... ^līber,^ free; ^homō līber,^ free-man; /noun/ ^lībertās;^ ^līberālis,^ befitting a freeborn man ^ingenuus, ingenua,^ freeborn man, woman ^(servitūte) līberāre, in lībertātem vindicāre,^ set free; ^vindicta,^ liberation, setting free (of a slave) ^mittere (servum), manūmittere,^ set free, enfranchise; /noun/ ^manūmissiō^ /Acpn/ ^in lībertātem asserere,^ declare to be free ^lībertus,^ freedman (in relation to previous master) ^lībertīnus,^ freedman (social status) QV: household, 25.1 *33.8 bribery* ^mercźs,^ bribe ^largīrī,^ bribe; /noun/ ^largītiō^ ^corrumpere,^ bribe; /noun/ ^corruptiō, corruptźla,^ bribery; ^corruptor,^ one who bribes ^oppūgnāre^ /Acpn/ ^pecūniā,^ try to bribe ^redźmptiō,^ bribery ^vźnālis,^ open to bribery ^ambitus,^ illegal canvassing; /Acpn/ $ambitūs$ /or/ $dź ambitū accūsāre$, charge with bribery +34 OFFER, REQUEST, ORDER, GIVE, ALLOW+ *34.1* ^offerre,^ offer ^porrigere,^ offer, hold out ^accipere, recipere,^ accept ^grātus, acceptus,^ agreeable, acceptable ^recūsāre,^ refuse (an offer); /noun/ ^recūsātiō^ *34.2* ^rogāre, poscere, postulāre,^ ask, request, beg, solicit; $frātrem librum rogō$ /or/ $poscō, librum ā frātre postulō$, ask my brother for a book; $vehementer rogāre$, demand urgently; /nouns/ ^rogātiō, postulātiō, postulātum^ /Actg/ ^ex, ab^ /or/ ^dź^ /Abpn/ ^quaerere,^ ask ^petere, ōrāre,^ beg, request, entreat; $quae petō$, my request; $ōrātū tuō$, at your request ^dźposcere, exigere,^ demand, require ^implōrāre, obsecrāre, exposcere, obtestārī,^ beseech; /nouns/ ^obsecrātiō, obtestātiō^ ^exōrāre,^ move by entreaty ^supplicāre,^ pray, supplicate; $submissź s.[upplicāre]$, beg humbly; /noun/ ^supplicātiō,^ public prayer ^ad pedźs^ /Gpn or Dpn/ ^accidere^ /or/ ^sź abicere^ /or/ ^prōicere^ /or/ ^prōsternere,^ cast oneself before the feet of (as a suppliant); ^tendere ad^ /Acpn/ ^manūs supplicźs,^ stretch out hands in supplication ^precźs^ /P/, request; ^precārī,^ entreat, invoke ^īnstāre,^ demand earnestly, press for ^rogitāre,^ demand eagerly ^flāgitāre, afflāgitāre,^ demand violently, solicit, clamour for; /nouns/ ^flāgitātiō, flāgitātor^ ... ... ^impetrāre, obtinźre,^ obtain; ^impetrābilis,^ easily obtainable ^adnuere,^ nod assent to, grant ^negāre, dźnegāre, recūsāre, abnuere, renuere,^ refuse (a request); /noun/ ^recūsātiō^ ^inexōrābilis,^ inexorable ^retinźre,^ hold back ^gravārī,^ refuse, raise objection QV: persuade, urge, 41.61 *34.3 order/forbid/obey* ... order ... ^iubźre, imperāre,^ command, order, tell (to do) ^iūssum, imperium,^ command, order; $iūssū$, by order; $iniūssū meō$, without my orders; $imperia administrāre$, issue orders ^źdīcere,^ order, ordain, give orders /Dpn/ ^praecipere ut^ /subj./, enjoin, bid; ^praeceptum,^ order, instruction; $praecepta dare dź$ /Abtg/, give orders about; $praecepta accipere$, receive o.[rders]; $p.[raecepta] observāre$, follow o.[rders] ^mandāre,^ enjoin, commission, order; /noun/ ^mandātum;^ $mandāta persequī$ /or/ $exhaurīre$, carry out orders ^praescrībere,^ order, prescribe; ^praescrīptum, praescrīptiō,^ rule, ordinance ^cōgere, compellere,^ compel ^continźre,^ restrain ... forbid ... ^vetāre,^ forbid ^interdīcere,^ forbid (formally) ^imperāre^ /or/ ^mandāre nź ...,^ forbid ^prohibźre^ /with inf. or Actg and inf./, forbid ... obey ... ^pārźre, oboedīre, obsequī, obtemperāre,^ comply with, obey, submit to; /nouns/ ^obsequium, obtemperātiō,^ compliance, obedience ^oboediźns,^ obedient, compliant ^dictō audiźns esse^ /D/, obey the orders of ^praecepta observāre,^ comply with precepts *34.4 give/thanks* ... give ... ^dare, dōnāre,^ give, present, bestow, confer; ^suppeditāre,^ give, furnish, supply in abundance ^tribuere,^ allot, give; ^tribūtum,^ contribution ^dōnum, mūnus,^ gift; ^mūnusculum,^ little present ^praemium,^ reward; $p.[raemium] expōnere$ /or/ $prōpōnere$, promise r.[eward]; $praemiīs afficere$, reward; $p.[raemium] cōnsequī$ /or/ $merźre$, obtain r.[eward] ^mactāre^ (e.g. $honōribus$), reward ^trādere,^ hand over, deliver ^committere,^ entrust ^condōnāre,^ surrender, deliver up ^reddere, restituere,^ give back, restore ... thanks ... ^grātia,^ gratitude; ^grātiae,^ thanks; $grātiārum āctiō$, expression of thanks; $eī grātiam habeō$, am thankful to him; $māximam grātiam habeō$, am most grateful; $parem grātiam referre$, return like for like; $grātiās$ (/also/ $grātźs$) $agere$, thank, express thanks; $grātiam referre$, returns thanks, repay, requite, return kindness ^grātus,^ thankful, grateful; $g.[rātus] ergā$ /or/ $in mź fuit, grātum sź mihi praebuit$, he was grateful to me; $grātō animō$, gratefully ^ingrātus,^ ungrateful ^sź memorem probāre,^ show gratitude *34.5 please/thank you* ... please ... ^sī vīs,^ /or/ ^sīs, sōdźs, sī libet,^ (if you) please ^amābō tź^ /or/ ^amābō,^ I shall be much obliged, I beg you ... thank you ... ^benīgnź dīcis^ /or/ ^facis,^ thank you ^benīgnź ac līberāliter,^ you are very kind, thank you very much *34.6 allow* ^concźdere, permittere, sinere, patī,^ allow, grant, suffer; /noun/ ^concessiō, concessus, permissiō^ ^venia,^ permission, leave; $veniam petere (dare)$, ask (give) permission ^licentia,^ leave to do as one pleases, licence ^facile^ (/or/ ^aequō animō^) ^patī,^ acquiesce in ^cōnfitźrī,^ grant, concede ^licet,^ it is allowed +35 AMUSEMENT, SPORT+ *35.1* ^iocus, iocātiō,^ jest, sport; /adjs./ ^iocōsus, ioculāris;^ /verb/ ^iocārī^ ^nūgae, ineptiae,^ trifles, nonsense; /verb/ ^nūgārī^ ^dźsipere,^ indulge in trifling ^scurra, sanniō,^ buffoon, jester; /adj./ ^scurrīlis^ QV: wit, humour, 41.23 *35.2* ^lūdus,^ game, sport; /verb/ ^lūdere;^ /adj./ ^lūdicer,^ connected with sport, done in sport ^collūdere,^ play with; ^collūsor,^ playmate ^lūdī, lūdicrum,^ public games, shows; $lūdōs celebrāre$, hold games; $lūdōs frequentāre$, often attend g.[ames] ^fźriae,^ festivals, holidays ^mūnus,^ spectacle; $m.[ūnus] dare$ /or/ $źdere$, provide a show ^māgnificus,^ sumptuous, splendid; /noun/ ^māgnificentia^ *35.3* ^circus,^ ring, racecourse; ^(lūdī) circźnsźs,^ races ^spatium,^ racecourse ^carcerźs,^ barrier, starting-point; ^calx, mźta,^ turning-point, goal ^cursus,^ race ^palma,^ wreath, prize; ^palmāris,^ worthy of a prize ^aurīga,^ charioteer ^factiō,^ party of charioteers; /there were four, with distinctive colours/ ^(f.[actiō] albāta, prasina, russāta, veneta)^ ^curriculum,^ race-ground, sports ground ^stadium, spatium,^ racecourse, track (for foot-racing); $stadium currere$, run a race ^cursor,^ runner (in a race) *35.4* ^gladiātor,^ gladiator; /adj./ ^gladiātōrius,^ e.g. $lūdus$; $familia gladiātōria$, band of gladiators ^murmillō,^ gladiator (with sword, shield and helmet) ^bźstiārius,^ beast-fighter ^certāre,^ contend; $pūgnīs c.[ertāre]$, box ^certāmen,^ contest, match ^harźna,^ arena (in amphitheatre) ^pugil,^ boxer; ^pugilātus,^ boxing contest ^caestus,^ boxing-glove ^luctārī,^ wrestle; /nouns/ ^luctātiō, luctātor^ ^palaestra,^ wrestling school or place; wrestling ^alīptźs,^ master of wrestling school ^āthlźta,^ athlete ^gymnasium,^ gymnasium *35.5 theatre* ^lūdicra ars,^ drama ^theātrum,^ theatre; /adj./ ^theātrālis^ ^spectāculum,^ seats of spectators, amphitheatre ^pulpitum, scaena,^ stage; /adj./ ^scaenicus;^ $lūdī scaenicī$, theatrical performances; $in scaenam prōdīre$, appear on the stage ^aulaeum,^ stage curtain ^sīparium,^ smaller curtain, drop-scene ^cavea,^ spectator's seats; theatre ^lūdicrum, spectāculum,^ stage-play ^fābula,^ play; $fābula palliāta$, drama of Greek life; $fābula togāta$, drama of Roman life; $fābulam dare$ /or/ $docźre$, produce a play; $fābulam peragere$, act a play ^cōmoedia,^ comedy; /adjs./ ^cōmoedus, cōmicus;^ ^tragoedia,^ tragedy; /adj./ ^tragicus,^ e.g. $āctor, poźta$ ^cothurnus,^ buskin (of tragedian); ^soccus,^ low shoe (of comedian) ^mīmus,^ mime ^plaudere,^ applaud; /noun/ ^plausus;^ ^plausibilis,^ meriting applause ^explōdere, exsibilāre,^ hoot or hiss of the stage ^fābula stat,^ is a success; $f.[ābula] cadit$, falls flat, is a failure ^histriō, actor, cantor, artifex scaenicus, scaenicus,^ actor ^in scaenā esse,^ be an actor ^grex, caterva,^ company, troop ^persōna,^ mask; character; $persōnam in scaenā tractāre$, represent a character in a play, play a part ^partźs,^ character; $prīmae p.[artźs]$, /or/ $prīmae$, principal characters; $prīmās agere$, play the chief part; ^secundae, tertiae p.[artźs]^ ^cōmoedus,^ comedian; ^tragoedus,^ tragedian ^mīmus, mīma,^ mime (mute actor, actress) ^lūdiō, lūdius,^ pantomimist ^saltāre,^ dance, act in dumb show; /nouns/ ^saltātiō, saltātor, saltātrīx^ ^tripudium,^ dance (originally religious); /verb/ ^tripudiāre^ ^chorźa, chorus,^ (round) dance ^canticum,^ song with dance *35.6* ^lūdere pilā,^ play ball ^lūdere trochō,^ trundle a hoop ^turbinem versāre,^ spin a top +36 TOOLS, MATERIALS, etc.* ^officīna, fabrica,^ workshop, factory ^artifex,^ artisan; ^artificium,^ trade, handicraft ^opifex,^ workman, mechanic ^operārius^ /or/ ^homō o.[perārius],^ workman ^faber,^ smith, carpenter; $f.[aber] ferrārius$, blacksmith; $f.[aber] tīgnārius$, carpenter; /verb/ ^fabricārī^ ^vāsculārius,^ worker in metals ^māchinātor,^ engineer, architect ... ... ^īnstrūmentum,^ /usu. collective/, instruments ^ferrāmenta,^ iron tools ^māchina,^ machine ^malleus,^ hammer, mallet ^incūs,^ anvil ^follis,^ pair of bellows ^excūdere,^ forge, hammer into shape ^līma,^ file; /verb/ ^līmāre^ ^serra,^ saw ^terebra,^ gimlet ^forceps,^ pair of pincers, tongs ^scālae,^ ladder; ^gradus,^ rung ... ... ^fodere,^ dig, excavate ^īnfodere,^ dig in, bury ^pāla,^ spade; ^ligō,^ hoe; ^dolābra,^ pickaxe ^fossor,^ digger, ditcher ... ... ^māteria, tīgnum,^ building materials; timber ^trabs,^ beam; /adj./ ^trabālis^ ^ascia, secūris,^ axe, hatchet ^bipennis,^ double-edged axe ^dolāre,^ hew ^clāvus,^ nail; $trānstra clāvīs ferreīs cōnfīgere$, nail beams ^cuneus,^ wedge ^scalprum,^ chisel; ^scalpere,^ carve QV: metals, 23 ^cōs,^ whetstone ... ... ^suere,^ sew, stitch ^īnsuere,^ sew in ^acus,^ needle; $acū pingere$ /or/ $pingere$, embroider ^fīlum, stāmen,^ thread ^colus,^ distaff ^fūsus,^ spindle ^texere,^ weave; ^textum,^ web, texture ^tźla,^ web; warp (threads running lengthwise in loom); ^trāma,^ woof (crosswise) +37 ARMY+ *37.1* ^exercitus,^ army; $exercitum īnstruere$, draw up a.[rmy] ^agmen,^ army (marching); $a.[gmen] prīmum$, vanguard; $a.[gmen] extrźmum$ /or/ $novissimum$ (/or/ $novissimī$), rearguard; $a.[gmen] claudere$, bring up the rear; $novissimōs carpere$, harass the rear; $cōnfertō$ /or/ $quadrātō agmine$, in close order, with closed ranks ^aciźs,^ army (in battle array) ^cōpiae,^ forces; $māgnae c.[ōpiae]$, a large force; $cōpiās īnstruere$, draw up f.[orces] ^armātūrae,^ armed troops ^rōbur mīlitum,^ flower of the army, choice troops ^auxilia,^ auxiliary troops, i.e. allies and light-armed troops as opposed to legion; /adj./ ^auxiliāris, -ārius^ ^ālārźs, ālāriī,^ auxiliary troops ^accźnsī,^ reserve troops ^legiōnāriī,^ heavy-armed troops ^mīles statārius,^ soldier fighting in the ranks ^ferentāriī, vźlitźs, rōrāriī,^ light-armed troops ^funditor,^ slinger, light-armed soldier ^peditātus, pedestrźs cōpiae,^ infantry; ^pedes,^ foot-soldier; /P/ ^peditźs,^ infantry; ^pedester,^ on foot, infantry (/adj./); ^pedibus merźre,^ serve with the infantry ^equitātus, equestrźs cōpiae,^ cavalry; ^eques,^ horseman; /collectively/, cavalry; ^equester,^ cavalry (/adj./); ^equō merźre,^ serve with the cavalry; ^ex equīs pūgnāre,^ fight on horseback ^beneficiārius,^ privileged soldier ^calō,^ soldier's servant ^ōrdinźs,^ ranks; $ōrdinźs servāre$, stay in the ranks; $cōnfertīs (solūtīs) ordinibus$, with closed (open) ranks ^in orbem cōnsistere, orbem facere,^ to form a circle ^cuneum facere,^ form a wedge ^caterva,^ troop (of barbarians) *37.2* ^legiō,^ legion (10 cohorts and 300 cavalry); /adj./ ^legiōnārius;^ ^legiōnes complźre^ /or/ ^supplźre,^ bring legions up to full strength ^Hastātī,^ in front; ^Prīncipźs,^ next, ^Triāriī,^ behind ^prīncipia^ /P/, van of army, first line of soldiers ^antesīgnānī,^ chosen soldiers who fought in front and in defence of the standards ^cornū, āla,^ wing of army (/usu./ cavalry); /adjs./ ^ālāris, ālārius^ ^cohors,^ cohort (3 maniples), battalion; $cohortźs facere$, levy c.[ohorts]; $dispōnere cohortźs$, arrange c.[ohorts]; $cohortźs explźre$, bring c.[ohorts] up to full strength ^manipulus,^ maniple (2 centuries or companies); /adj./ ^manipulāris^ ^centuria,^ century, company (of 100, later 60, men); /verb/ ^centuriāre,^ divide into c.[enturies]; /adv./ ^centuriātim,^ by c.'s ^turma,^ troop or squadron of cavalry; ^turmālźs,^ horsemen in a t.[roop]; /adv./ ^turmātim^ ... ... ^imperium,^ command; $summa imperiī$, chief or supreme command; $s.i.$ /Dpn/ $dźferre$, appoint to chief comand; $imperium$ /Dpn/ $prōrogāre$, extend period of command; /noun/ ^prōrogātiō^ ^exercitum dūcere,^ command army ^praeesse^ /D/, be in command of ^praeficere^ /D/, put in command of ^recźnsźre, recōgnōscere,^ review (an army or navy); /noun/ ^recōgnitiō^ ^imperātor,^ commander-in-chief; /adj./ ^imperātōrius^ ^dux,^ general ^lźgātī^ (/P/), general's staff, officers ^comitātus,^ retinue, suite ^lźgātus^ (/or later/, ^praefectus^) ^legiōnis,^ colonel, general of division ^praefectus equitum,^ commander or colonel of cavalry ^tribūnus mīlitāris^ /or/ ^mīlitum,^ military tribune (six to each legion, each in command for two months) ^centuriō,^ captain ^prīmīpīlus,^ senior captain (of Triāriī); $prīmum pīlum dūcere$, be s.[enior] c.[aptain] *37.3* ^mīles,^ soldier; $m.[īles] gregārius, manipulāris$, private s.[oldier]; $m.[īles] legiōnārius$, soldier of the line; /adj./ ^mīlitāris;^ /verb/ ^mīlitāre,^ serve as a soldier ^vetus mīles, veterānus (mīles),^ tried soldier, veteran ^seniōrźs,^ Roman citizens between forty-five and sixty, summoned to military service only in an extreme emergency ^stipendium,^ pay; $s.[tipendium] merźre$ /or/ $merźrī$, go on a campaign; $quīna stipendia merźre$, serve five years; $stipendia źmerźre$, complete term of service; /adj./ ^stipendiārius,^ serving for pay ^mercźnnāriī mīlitźs,^ mercenaries ^voluntāriī (mīlitźs),^ volunteers ^źvocātī,^ volunteers (who have completed military service) ^mīlitiae^ (/adv./), in military service, on a campaign, in the field; $domī mīlitiaeque$, at home and abroad ^commeātus, vacātiō,^ furlough; $dare commeātum$ /Dpn/; $esse in commeātū; vacātiōnźs omnźs tollere$, stop all leave ^exercitum comparāre, scrībere, cōnscrībere,^ raise an army ^ad arma conclāmāre,^ call to arms ^dźlźctus,^ levy; $dźlźctum habźre$, hold a levy, recruit ^conquīsītor,^ recruiting officer ^tīrō,^ recruit; ^cōnscrīptī,^ recruits ^sacrāmentum,^ oath of allegiance, taken on enlisting ^arma ferre posse,^ be fit for military service ^mīlitiam perennem facere,^ serve for a year ^immūnis mīlitiā,^ exempt from military service; ^mīlitiae vacātiō,^ exemption from m.[ilitary] s.[ervice]; ^mīlitiam dźtrectāre,^ avoid m.[ilitary] s.[ervice] ^sźditiō,^ mutiny; $sźditiōnem concitāre, movźre, facere, cōnflāre$, stir up m.[utiny]; ^sźdāre,^ bring to an end (by gentle means); ^comprimere,^ suppress; /adj./ ^sźditiōsus^ ^mittere, dīmittere^ (e.g. $legiōnźs$), disband; ^źmeritus,^ (honourably) discharged ^novae cōpiae, supplźmentum,^ reinforcements ^subsidium^ /or/ ^-ia^ (/P/), reserves; $s.[ubsidia] submittere$, send up r.[eserves] *37.4* ^tźlum,^ weapon (missile); $vīs tźlōrum, crźbra tźla$, shower of missiles; $intrā (extrā) iactum$ /or/ $coniectum tźlī$, within (out of) range; $tźla iacere, conicere, adigere, immittere, mittere$, hurl, discharge; $tźla rźicere$, return ^missile,^ missile ^arma,^ arms; $a.[rma] tractāre$, wield a.[rms]; $in armīs$, under a.[rms]; $vī et armīs$, by force of a.[rms]; $a.[rma] expedīre$, hold a.[rms] in readiness; $a.[rma] sūmere$ /or/ $capere$, take up a.[rms]; $a.[rma] īnferre$, invade; $ab armīs discźdere, arma pōnere$, lay down a.[rms]; $a.[rma] abicere$, throw away a.[rms]; /verb/ ^armāre^ ^armātus,^ armed; ^armātūra,^ equipment; ^inermis,^ unarmed; ^expedītus,^ lightly armed (soldier), ready for battle; ^impedītus,^ in heavy marching order ^sarcina,^ bundle; (/P/), baggage; $sarcinās colligere$ /or/ $cōnferre$, collect b.[aggage]; ^impedīmenta^ (/P/), baggage of an army, baggage train ^vāsa,^ military equipment, baggage ... ... ^commeātus^ (/S or P/), provisions, supplies; $māgna vīs commeātūs$, abundant supplies; $hostźs commeātū interclūdere$ /or/ $prohibźre$, cut off the enemy's supplies ^cibāria^ (/P/), rations, fodder ^frūmentum,^ grain; ^frūmentārī,^ get food (for soldiers); ^rem frūmentāriam expedīre^ /or/ ^comparāre^ /or/ ^prōvidźre^ /or/ ^dź rź frūmentāriā prōvidźre,^ provision ^suppetere,^ be available, in abundance, hold out (of supplies) ^iūmentum,^ pack animal ^pābulum,^ fodder; /verb/ ^pābulārī,^ forage; /nouns/ ^pābulātiō, pābulātor^ ^cassis,^ helmet (/usu./ metal) ^galea,^ helmet (/usu./ leather) ^lōrīca,^ (leather) cuirass ^clipeus,^ (round) shield ^parma,^ (small round) shield ^scūtum,^ (oblong) shield ^caetra,^ small leather shield; /adj./ ^caetrātus^ ^pelta,^ (light) shield; ^peltastae,^ troops armed with pelta ^umbō,^ boss of shield; shield ^palūdātus,^ dressed in ^palūdāmentum,^ military cloak ^sagum,^ military cloak; $saga sūmere$ /or/ $ad saga īre$, take up arms; $in sagīs esse$, be under arms; ^sagulum,^ small military cloak ^balteus,^ girdle, belt ... ... ^źnsis, gladius,^ sword; $gladium stringere, dīstringere, źdūcere$, draw s.[word]; $in gladium incumbere$, fall on s.[word] ^vāgīna,^ sheath, scabbard; $gladium in vāgīnam recondere$, sheathe one's sword ^mūcrō, aciźs,^ point, edge ^pugiō, sīca,^ dagger ^hasta,^ spear; ^hastīle,^ shaft of spear ^lancea,^ lance, spear ^pīlum, verūtum,^ javelin ^iaculum,^ dart, javelin ^gaesum,^ heavy javelin of Gauls ^iaculātor,^ dart-thrower ^contorquźre,^ hurl ^spīculum,^ iron tip (of spear or arrow) ^arcus,^ bow; $arcum intendere$, draw b.[ow]; ^sagitta,^ arrow ^sagittārius,^ archer ^pharetra,^ /poet./, quiver ^funda,^ sling; ^glāns,^ sling-stone ^funditor,^ slinger ^sīgnum, vexillum,^ standard; ^aquila,^ standard (of legion) ^sīgnifer, vexillārius, aquilifer,^ standard-bearer QV: trumpet, 13.2 *37.5 on the march* QV: agmen, 37.1 ^sīgna ferre^ /or/ ^movźre^ /or/ ^vellere^ /or/ ^convellere,^ break up camp, begin a march; ^sīgna sequī,^ march in military order ^iter facere,^ march; $iter intermittere$, stop marching; $extentīs itineribus$, by forced marches; $māgnīs itineribus contendere$, hasten with forced marches; ^ex^ (/or/ ^in^) ^itinere,^ on the march; ^itinere continuātō,^ marching continuously ^prōgredī, sīgna movźre^ /or/ ^ferre^ /or/ ^prōferre,^ advance; ^contendere, festīnāre, mātūrāre,^ push on, hurry, hasten ^sīgna convertere,^ face about, march in another direction, change one's route ^cōnsistere, sīgna cōnstituere,^ halt ^īnsidiae,^ ambush; $locus ad īnsidiās aptus$, a suitable ambush; ^īnsidiārī^ /D/, lie in ambush for; $mīlitźs in īnsidiīs collocāre$, station soldiers in ambush ^opprimere,^ surprise, catch ^interclūdere,^ cut off ... ... ^explōrātor,^ spy, scout ^speculātor,^ scout, reconnoiterer ^źmissārius,^ emissary, scout, spy ^explōrāre,^ reconnoitre *37.61 war/peace* ... war ... ^bellum,^ war ^expedītiō,^ campaign; ^stipendia merźre^ /or/ ^merźrī,^ go on a campaign ^bellicōsus, pūgnāx, ferōx,^ warlike; ^imbellis,^ unwarlike ^rebelliō,^ revolt, rebellion; /adj. plp/ ^rebellis;^ /verb/ ^rebellāre,^ renew war ^dźfectiō,^ revolt; /verb/ ^dźficere^ ^hostis,^ enemy; (/P/), enemy (collectively) ^hostīlis, īnfźstus, inimīcus,^ hostile ^hosticus,^ belonging to enemy ... peace ... ^pāx,^ peace ^pācāre,^ make peaceful; ^pācātus,^ in a state of peace ^indūtiae,^ truce, armistice; $indūtiās facere$, arrange t.[ruce]; $i.[ndūtiās] pepigisse$, have arranged t.[ruce]; $i.[ndūtiās] tollere$, terminate t.[ruce]; $i.[ndūtiās] violāre$, break t.[ruce] ^condiciōnźs,^ terms; $c.[ondiciōnźs] ferre$, offer terms of surrender; $c.[ondiciōnźs] aequae$, fair, favourable t.[erms]; $c.[ondiciōnźs] inīquae$, harsh t.[erms] ^obses,^ hostage; $obsidźs dare$, give h.[ostages]; $o.[bsidźs] inter sź dare$, exchange h.[ostages]; $o.[bsidźs] accipere$, accept h.[ostages]; $o.[bsidźs] hostibus impōnere$, exact h.[ostages] ^socius,^ ally; ^societās,^ league, alliance; $societātem cum$ /Abpn/ $coīre, cōnflāre, inīre$ /or/ $statuere$ ^foedus,^ treaty; $ex foedere$, according to a t.[reaty]; $f.[oedus] facere, ferīre, īcere, pangere$, ratify a treaty; $f.[oedus] frangere, rumpere, violāre$, break a t.[reaty] *37.62 raid* ^mīlitźs (legiōnźs, cohortźs, exercitum) źdūcere,^ lead forth, march out, take the field ^sīgna prōferre, sīgna īnferre^ (^in^ /Ac/), march to the attack; ^aggredī, adorīrī, invādere,^ attack ^arma ultrō īnferre,^ be the aggressor ^incurrere, incursiōnem, incursum, excursiōnem facere,^ make a raid (on); $via excursiōnibus īnfźsta$, road unsafe owing to raids ^hostźs dźprehendere,^ fall upon, surprise enemy ^dźfendere,^ defend; $ab hostibus mź d.[źfendere]$ ^repūgnāre, resistere^ /D/, resist ^sustinźre,^ check ^repellere, prōpulsāre,^ drive back ... ... ^vāstāre,^ lay waste; $agrōs v.[āstāre]$, lay waste the country; ^vāstitās,^ devastation; ^vāstātiō,^ laying waste ^populāre^ /or/ ^-ārī,^ lay waste, plunder; /nouns/ ^populātiō, populātor^ ^ferrō īgnīque,^ with fire and sword ^ferre atque agere praedam,^ plunder (agere /of cattle/) *37.63 battle* ^proelium,^ battle; ^proeliārī,^ join battle ^pūgna,^ fight, battle; /verb/ ^pūgnāre^ ^manum^ (/or/ ^manūs^) ^cōnserere, manūs^ /or/ ^arma cōnferre,^ /or/ ^pedem cōnferre,^ engage in close combat, join battle ^cōnflīgere armīs, armīs congredī,^ fight; /noun/ ^congressus^ ^proelium^ /or/ ^bellō^ /or/ ^ferrō^ /or/ ^armīs dźcernere,^ fight a battle ^certāre, dīmicāre,^ struggle; /nouns/ ^certāmen, dīmicātiō^ ^comminus,^ in close (single) combat, hand to hand ^źminus,^ at at distance suitable for missiles ^ad hostem īre, sīgna ferre in hostem, prōpūgnāre,^ advance to attack ^impetus,^ onset, attack; $impetum facere$, charge ^imprōvīsus,^ unexpected; /adv./ ^imprōvīsō, dź^ /or/ ^ex imprōvīsō^ ^impūgnāre,^ attack, e.g. $Galliam$; /noun/ ^impūgnātiō^ ^oppūgnāre,^ assault ^rźicere,^ force back, repulse ^locus,^ position; $locum capere$, seize p.[osition]; $in locō perstāre$, hold one's ground; $locō cźdere$ /or/ $excźdere$, give g.[round] ^hostźs gradū dźmovźre,^ make enemy yield ground ^praeoccupāre^ (e.g. $collźs$), occupy first *37.64 confusion and retreat* ^tumultus,^ confusion, disturbance; ^tumultuōsus, tumultuārius,^ disorderly ^perturbāre,^ throw into confusion; ^perturbārī,^ fall into c.[onfusion]; /noun/ ^perturbātiō^ ^trepidāre,^ get confused ^cūnctārī,^ hesitate ^labōrāre,^ be hard pressed ^receptus,^ retreat; $sīgnum receptuī$, signal for retreat; $receptuī canere$, sound a retreat ^sź recipere, sź^ /or/ ^pedem^ /or/ ^gradum referre,^ /or/ ^referrī,^ retreat, retire ^dźcertāre, dźpūgnāre,^ fight to a finish ^anceps,^ uncertain, indecisive; $a.[nceps] stetit pūgna$, the issue was uncertain ^aequō Mārte^ /or/ ^aequīs condiciōnibus pūgnāre,^ /or/ ^aequō proeliō discźdere,^ fight indecisively, a drawn battle *37.65 pursuit, flight, desertion* ^īnsistere, sequī, īnsequī, cōnsectārī, persequī, prōsequī, īnstāre^ /Dpn/, press upon, pursue ^fugāre, pellere, in fugam dare^ /or/ ^conicere^ /or/ ^impellere^ /or/ ^vertere^ /or/ ^convertere,^ put to flight, rout ^fuga,^ flight; $sź fugae dare$ /or/ $mandāre, sź in fugam dare$ /or/ $cōnferre, fugam capere$ /or/ $petere, terga vertere$ /or/ $convertere$ /or/ $dare, sź in fugam concitāre$, take to flight; $fugam sistere$, stay, arrest flight ^fugere, effugere, prōfugere,^ flee ^refugere,^ flee back, escape ^źvādere,^ escape ^trānsīre, dźscīscere ab^ /Abpn/ ^ad^ /Acpn/, ^perfugere,^ /rarely/ ^trānsfugere, ab sīgnīs discźdere, sīgna relinquere^ /or/ ^dźserere,^ desert ^perfuga, trānsfuga, dźsertor,^ deserter *37.66 disaster, slaughter* ^clādźs,^ defeat, disaster ^caedźs, strāgźs,^ carnage, slaughter ^interneciō,^ massacre, carnage ^concīdere,^ cut to pieces ^trucīdāre, contrucīdāre,^ butcher; /noun/ ^trucīdātiō^ ^dźlźre,^ wipe out ^salvus, incolumis, intāctus,^ safe, unharmed, uninjured ^exsanguis,^ exhausted, worn out ^vulnerāre,^ wound; ^vulnera excipere,^ get wounded ^saucius,^ wounded; /verb/ ^sauciāre,^ wound, disable ^vulneribus cōnfectus,^ exhausted by wounds ^iacent mīlitum animī,^ the soldiers' spirits are broken ^(exercitus) attrītus,^ exhausted *37.67 victory/surrender* ... victory ... ^victōria,^ victory; $v.[ictōria] certa$ /or/ $haud dubia$, complete v.[ictory]; ^vincere, victōriam adipīscī, expedīre, parere, reportāre, victōriā potīrī, rem obtinźre,^ gain a victory; $victōriam temperāre$, use v.[ictory] with moderation ^dźvincere,^ conquer completely ^victor, victrīx,^ conqueror; $victor$ (/oftener/ $superior$) $discźdere$, come off victorious ^vincere, domāre,^ subdue, conquer; ^domitor,^ conqueror ^indomitus, inexpūgnābilis, invictus,^ unconquerable ^proeliō superior esse,^ be victorious (in battle) ^dźtrīmentum afferre^ /or/ ^īnferre,^ inflict defeat; $d.[źtrīmentum] accipere$ /or/ $capere$, be defeated ^superāre,^ overcome ^prōflīgāre,^ overwhelm, crush ^subigere, in potestātem redigere,^ subdue ^hostem armīs exuere,^ disarm enemy ... surrender ... ^dźditiō, trāditiō,^ surrender, capitulation; $in dźditiōnem accipere$, receive the surrender of ^trādere^ (e.g. $urbem$), surrender; ^manūs dare^ /or/ ^dźdere, sź dźdere, arma trādere, in dźditiōnem venīre, in fidem atque potestātem sź permittere,^ surrender (/intrans./) ^victōrīs īram dźprecārī,^ ask for quarter; ^salūtem petere,^ beg for mercy ^mortem dźprecārī,^ beg for life; /Acpn/ ^(incolumem) cōnservāre,^ grant a man his life ^captus,^ captive, prisoner ^potestātī alterius sź submittere,^ become subject to; ^subiectus,^ subject ^in officiō continźre^ /Ac/, keep in submission; ^in officiō permanźre,^ remain in submission ^capere, captīvum facere,^ take prisoner ^sub iugum mittere,^ send under the yoke ^sub corōnā^ (/or/ ^hastā^) ^vźndere,^ sell into slavery *37.7 camp* ^oppidum, arx, castellum, castrum,^ fort, stronghold; $castrum nātūrā locī mūnītum$, fort with strong natural position; /adjs./ ^castrźnsis, castellānus^ ^castra^ (/P/), camp; $c.[astra] capere, locum ad c.[astra]$ (/or/ $castrīs$) $idōneum dźligere$, choose a site for a camp; $c.[astra] facere, pōnere$ /or/ $mūnīre$, pitch c.[amp], encamp; $c.[astra] movźre$, break up or shift c.[amp]; $mīlitźs castrīs tenźre$, keep the soldiers in camp ^statīva^ /or/ ^castra statīva,^ stationary camp ^cōnsīdere,^ encamp, take up a position ^sīgna convellere,^ strike camp ^hīberna^ /or/ ^castra hīberna,^ winter quarters; ^hībernācula,^ winter tents ^aestīva,^ summer camp ^praesidium,^ garrison ^tabernāculum,^ tent ^sub pellibus,^ under tents, in camp ^praetōrium,^ general's tent ^prīncipia^ /P/, open space in camp, general's quarters ^praefectus castrōrum^ (/or/ ^castrīs^), quartermaster ^vigilia,^ watch, guard, sentinel; $vigiliās dispōnere$, post sentinels; /verb/ ^vigilāre;^ ^vigilantia,^ watchfulness ^esse in speculīs,^ be on the look-out ^cūstōdia^ (/usu. in P/), ^excubiae,^ guard, sentry; ^excubāre,^ keep watch ^mūnitiō,^ fortification; $mūnitiōnźs facere$, erect; $locum mūnitiōnibus fīrmāre$, fortify; $m. prōruere$, demolish ^mūnīmentum^ (/usu. P/), fortifications, entrenchments, (fortified) lines ^opera facere,^ raise siegeworks ^mūnīre, commūnīre, źmūnīre,^ fortify, entrench; ^permūnīre,^ fortify completely ^exstruere,^ heap up, construct; /noun/ ^extrūctiō^ ^moenia^ (/P/), ramparts; $moenia$ /or/ $mūrum complźre$, man the walls; $cūstōdiās in mūrō dispōnere$, station sentinels on the wall C: the next line read "mūrōs..." in the original entry from Ripman's. I believe that it's an obvious error. ^mūrōs (cunīculō) subruere^ /or/ ^suffodere^ /or/ ^cunīculum facere,^ undermine walls ^vāllum,^ rampart, palisade; $castra vāllō cīncta$, camp surrounded by a rampart; $vāllum dūcere$ /or/ $exstruere$, raise a r.[ampart]; $v.[āllum] scindere$, demolish a r.[ampart]; ^vāllāre,^ entrench ^vallus,^ stake; palisade ^cippī,^ palisade ^agger,^ mound, earthwork; $aggerem iacere, exstruere, īnstruere$ ^fossa,^ trench; $fossam dūcere$, make a trench ... ... ^dispōnere,^ arrange, station ^statiō,^ outpost, post, picket; $in statiōne$, on guard; $statiōnem agere$, keep guard; $cōpiās in statiōnźs collocāre$ /or/ $pōnere$, assign troops to their posts; $statiōnźs pōnere$ /or/ $dispōnere$, set pickets; $in statiōnem succźdere$, relieve ^incautus, imprōvidus, imprūdźns,^ heedless, not foreseeing, off one's guard *37.8 siege* ^obsidźre, circumsedźre,^ besiege, blockade, invest ^obsidiō, obsessiō, circumsessiō,^ siege, blockade; $abscźdere$ /or/ $absistere,$ /or/ $obsidiōnem relinquere$, raise a siege; $obsidiōne līberāre$, raise a siege (of the relieving army); ^corōna obsidiālis,^ awarded for relieving town from siege ^māchina,^ military engine ^turris,^ tower; $turrem excitāre$, erect t.[ower]; ^tormentum, ballista, catapulta,^ siege catapult, engine for hurling missiles; ^falārica,^ missile thrown by catapult; ^ariźs,^ battering ram ^testūdō,^ roof of shields; ^vīnea, mūsculus,^ mantlet; $vīneās agere$, advance m.[antlet]; ^pluteus,^ shed to protect besiegers; ^scālās pōnere^ /or/ ^admovźre,^ apply scaling-ladders; ^scālīs moenia temptāre,^ attack walls with scaling-ladders ^falcźs mūrālźs,^ hooks for pulling down walls ^famźs,^ starvation; $famź domāre$, reduce by starvation; $fame cōnsūmī$ /or/ $źnecārī$, die of starvation ^sitis,^ thirst ^pestis, pestilentia,^ plague ^źruptiō, excursiō, excursus,^ sally, sortie; $źruptiōnem facere, excurrere, ź castrīs źrumpere$, sally forth from camp, make a sortie ... ... ^oppūgnāre,^ assault; /noun/ ^oppūgnātiō;^ $oppūgnātiōnem dīmittere$, abandon a.[ssault] ^expūgnāre, vī capere,^ take by storm; /noun/ ^expūgnātiō;^ /adj./ ^expūgnābilis^ ^oppidum źvertere, funditus dźlźre,^ raze a town to the ground; $o.[ppidum] dīripere$, sack t.[own] ^portās obstruere, refringere,^ barricade, break open the gates *37.9 spoils, etc.* ^spoliāre,^ pillage, sack; ^spolia,^ spoils; $opīma spolia$, spoils of honour (taken on field of battle by victorious from vanquished general); ^spoliātiō,^ robbing, plundering ^dīripere,^ pillage, sack ^compīlāre, expīlāre,^ plunder, pillage ^praeda,^ /poet./ ^exuviae,^ spoil, booty; ^praedārī,^ make booty ^praemium,^ booty, reward ^manubiae,^ money obtained from sale of booty ^mercźs,^ recompense ^decus,^ glory; ^decorāre,^ honour ^triumphus,^ triumph; /adj./ ^triumphālis;^ /verb/ ^triumphāre;^ $triumphum dźportāre$; $triumphum Trāiānō dźcernere$, decree a t.[riumph] to T.[raian] ^ovāre,^ celebrate an ^ovātiō^ (lesser triumph) ^tropaeum,^ monument of victory +38 CHARACTER+ *38.1* ^nātūra,^ natural disposition, character; $nātūrae bonitās$, good natural gifts ^animus,^ character ^indolźs,^ disposition, temperament (/usu./ moral); $bonā indole praeditus$, highly gifted ^affectiō,^ disposition ^praeditus^ /Abtg/, endowed or gifted with, possessed of ^ā nātūrā subōrnātus,^ endowed by nature ... ... ^mōrźs^ /P/, character (mode of life); ^homō bene (male) mōrātus,^ of good (bad) character; ^mōrālis,^ moral ^ingenium,^ character (/usu/ intellectual); $i.[ngenium] tortuōsum$, not frank ^proprius,^ personal, characteristic; ^proprium, proprietās,^ characteristic ^singulāria,^ idiosyncrasies ... ... ^animī māgnitūdō,^ greatness of soul ^rźctus,^ honourable, upright; ^rźctum,^ uprightness, rectitude ^vir sānctus,^ blameless, pious man; ^sānctitās,^ piety, honour ^decet,^ it is becoming, proper; ^decźns,^ seemly; /noun/ ^decentia^ C: the following entry includes a double "virtūte praeditus". The second one has been omitted here. ^virtūs,^ manliness, virtue; $virtūte praeditus$, virtuous; $virtūtem colere, sequī$, practise goodness; $vir expertāe virtūtis$, of tried worth ^modestus,^ virtuous, moral ... ... ^exīstimātiō,^ good name, reputation, credit ^fāma,^ (good, /rarely/ bad) reputation; /adj./ ^fāmōsus^ ^glōria,^ fame, renown; /adj./ ^glōriōsus^ ^splendor,^ honour, dignity; ^splendidus,^ noble, illustrious ^inclutus,^ famous, renowned ^bene audīre,^ be well spoken of ... ... ^animī prāvitās,^ depravity, vice ^vitium,^ defect, fault, blemish; $vitia pōnere$, give up faults; $vitia extirpāre$, root out, eradicate faults ^dźdecet,^ it is not seemly or proper; $dźdecus$, disgrace ^prāvus, corruptus,^ depraved, vicious; /noun/ ^corruptiō^ ^vitiōsus,^ wicked, vicious QV: 47.2 ... ... ^īnfāmia, īgnōminia, opprobrium,^ disgrace, dishonour; $īnfāmiā flagrāre$, be sunk in dishonour; ^īnfāmis,^ disreputable; ^īnfāmāre,^ dishonour ^flāgitium, dźdecus,^ disgrace, dishonour, shame ^probrum,^ disgrace; disgraceful act ^foedus,^ dishonourable; ^foedāre,^ disgrace, dishonour ^male audīre,^ stand in bad repute *38.2* ^bonus,^ good; /comp./ ^melior,^ /superl./ ^optimus^ ^līberālis, ingenuus, generōsus,^ honourable, gentlemanly, noble-minded; /nouns/ ^līberālitās;^ ^ingenuitās^ ^urbānus,^ polite, refined; ^urbānitās,^ courtesy, refinement ^źlegāns,^ choice, tasteful; ^źlegantia,^ good taste, refinement ^gravis,^ venerable, eminent; ^gravitās,^ dignity, seriousness ^māiestās,^ dignity, grandeur ^māgnanimus,^ high-souled; /nouns/ ^māgnanimitās, māgnitūdō animī^ ^māgnificus,^ noble, distinguished; /noun/ ^māgnificentia^ ^źgregius,^ distinguished, eminent, honourable ^eximius,^ distinguished, exceptional ^illūstris,^ distinguished, brilliant ^nōbilis,^ distinguished, superior; /noun/ ^nōbilitās^ ^celsus,^ noble ^źminźre, excellere, flōrźre, praecellere,^ be conspicuous, eminent; $vir animō et virtūte praecellźns$, a man of excellent character ^hźrōs,^ illustrious man ^probus,^ honest, upright; /noun/ ^probitās^ ^spectātus,^ respected, worthy ^honestus,^ honourable, virtuous, respected; /noun/ ^honestās^ ^apertus, simplex,^ frank, honest; /noun/ ^simplicitās^ ^praestāns, sublīmis,^ superior, preeminent, distinguished ^summī virī, virī praestantissimī^ /or/ ^singulārźs,^ great men ... ... ^malus,^ bad; /comp./ ^pźior,^ /superl./ ^pessimus;^ /also/ ^dźterior, dźterrimus^ ^illīberālis,^ ignoble, ungenerous, mean; /noun/ ^illīberālitās^ ^humilī abiectōque animō,^ mean-spirited ^sordidus,^ low-born, mean, vile ^dźgener,^ degenerate, base; /verb/ ^dźgenerāre^ ^animus pusillus^ /or/ ^angustus^ /or/ ^minūtus,^ petty spirit ^ūnus ź^ (/or/ ^dź^) ^multīs,^ an ordinary man ^mediocris,^ ordinary, undistinguished ^ignōbilis,^ ignoble ^improbus,^ unprincipled ^inhonestus,^ dishonourable ^vulgus,^ the common herd ^sordźs, faex,^ the dregs, rabble ^homō nihilī, homō luteus,^ a worthless man *38.3 strong/weak* ... strong, firm ... ^modestia, (animī) moderātiō,^ self-control; /adj./ ^modestus^ ^temperātus,^ moderate, restrained; ^temperantia,^ moderation, self-restraint ^continentia,^ moderation ^rōbur animī,^ strength of mind; /adj./ ^rōbustus,^ e.g. $animus$; /verb/ ^corrōborāre,^ strengthen, steel ^constāns, stabilis, fīrmus,^ firm, steadfast; /nouns/ ^cōnstantia, stabilitās, fīrmitās,^ resolution, determination, stability, endurance ^obstinātus, pervicāx,^ determined, steadfast (/also/ obstinate); /nouns/ ^obstinātiō, pervicācia;^ ^obstināre,^ be firmly resolved; $obstinātō animō$, with mind made up; $obstinātiō sententiae$, adherence to one's principles ^affīrmātus,^ obstinate ^tenāx,^ steadfast, persistent ^pertināx,^ firm, unyielding (/also/ obstinate); /noun/ ^pertinācia^ ... weak, fickle ... ^impotźns, immoderātus, incontinźns, intemperāns,^ unrestrained, having no self-control ^intemperantia, intemperiźs,^ lack of restraint, intemperate conduct ^petulāns,^ capricious; /noun/ ^petulantia^ ^dźbilis,^ weak (of mind); /noun/ ^dźbilitās^ ^źnervātus,^ unnerved, weakly ^veternus,^ sloth, enervation ^mōbilis, levis, incōnstāns, subitus, varius, ventōsus,^ fickle, inconstant, unreliable; /nouns/ ^mōbilitās, levitās animī, incōnstantia,^ fickleness, want of principle ^īnfīrmus,^ weak (in character); $īnfīrmo animō esse$, be inconstant QV: weakness, 38.5 *38.4 faithful/faithless* ... faithful ... ^fidźs,^ faith, trust, loyalty; $fidem praestāre$, keep one's word; $fidem fallere$, break faith; $fidem tibi habeō$, put faith in you, place reliance on you; /adjs./ ^fidźlis, fīdus,^ faithful, trustworthy; /noun/ ^fidźlitās^ ^fīdere^ /Dpn/, trust ^spectāre in^ /Acpn/, rely on; ^spectātus,^ tried, tested ^frźtus^ /Ab/, relying on ^pius,^ loyal, devoted, dutiful; /noun/ ^pietās^ ... faithless ... ^īnfidźlis, īnfīdus, perfidus, perfidiōsus,^ faithless, treacherous, disloyal; /nouns/ ^īnfidźlitās, perfidia^ ^diffīdere^ /Dpn/, distrust; /noun/ ^diffīdentia^ /Acpn/ ^ā fidź abdūcere,^ render disloyal *38.5 strength/weakness* ... strength, courage ... ^ferōx,^ bold, martial, high-spirited; ^ferōciter,^ with spirit; ^ferōcia, ferōcitās,^ spirit, vigour, bravery ^audźre,^ dare; ^audāx,^ bold, resolute; /also/ rash; /noun/ ^audācia^ ^animus,^ high courage, spirit; $animōs tollere$ /Dpn/, raise the spirits of; ^animōsus,^ spirited ^spīritus,^ courage; $spīritūs remittere$, lose c.[ourage] ^animus praesźns,^ resolute spirit ^fīdūciae plźnus,^ courageous ^virtūtem praestāre,^ show courage ^sź cōnfīrmāre,^ take courage ^fīdźns,^ confident, bold ^fortis,^ strong, brave, sturdy; ^fortitūdō,^ courage, bravery ^virtūs,^ courage (/also/ virtue); $virtūtem praestāre$, show c.[ourage] ^intrepidus,^ /plp/, undaunted ... weakness, cowardice ... ^timidus,^ timid, cowardly; /noun/ ^timiditās^ ^īgnāvus,^ cowardly; ^īgnāvia,^ cowardice ^imbźcillus,^ weak, feeble, /noun/ ^imbźcillitās^ ^fragilis,^ frail; /noun/ ^fragilitās^ ^mollis,^ unmanly, weak; ^mollitia, mollitiźs,^ weakness, irresolution; $mollitiā fluere$, be relaxed, slack ^effźminātus,^ womanish, effeminate ^animō dźficere^ /or/ ^succumbere,^ be disheartened, lose heart *38.6 modesty/pride* ... modesty ... ^pudor,^ modesty ^pudīcus,^ modest, chaste; /noun/ ^pudīcitia^ ^modestus, submissus,^ modest, unassuming; /noun/ ^modestia^ ^verźcundus,^ modest, bashful; ^verźcundia,^ shyness, reverence ... pride, insolence, boastfulness ... ^suī fīdūcia,^ self-confidence ^superbus, arrogāns, īnsolźns, fastīdiōsus, celsus,^ proud, haughty, disdainful; /nouns/ ^superbia, arrogantia, īnsolentia, fastīdium, fastus^ ^supercilium,^ arrogance ^audācia,^ impudence, insolence, audacity ^petulāns,^ impudent; /noun/ ^petulantia^ ^īnsolenter sź efferre,^ swell with insolence ^procāx,^ insolent, impertinent; /noun/ ^procācitās^ ^protervus,^ impudent, impertinent; /noun/ ^protervitās^ ^contumāx,^ obstinate, insolent; /noun/ ^contumācia^ ^vānus, māgnificus,^ boastful; /noun/ ^vānitās, māgnificentia^ ^glōria, glōriātiō,^ boasting; ^glōriārī,^ boast, be proud of ^glōriōsus,^ vainglorious ^sź iactāre dź^ /Ab/, ^ostentāre^ /Ac/, ^źbullīre^ /Ac/, boast of; /nouns/ ^iactātiō, ostentātiō^ ^salacō,^ braggart *38.7 prudence/rashness* ... prudence, caution, forethought ... ^cōnsilium,^ prudence; $cōnsiliō$ /Gpn/ $nītī$, rely on one's p.[rudence] ^prūdźns,^ discreet, prudent; ^prūdentia,^ prudence ^sźnsus commūnis,^ discretion, tact ^sānus,^ sane, rational, discreet; ^sānitās,^ sanity, good sense; $ad sānitātem redūcere$ /Acpn/, bring to reason; $ad sānitātem revertī$ /or/ $redīre$ /or/ $sź convertere$, return to one's senses ^attentus, cūriōsus, dīligźns,^ careful, attentive, cautious; /noun/ ^dīligentia^ ^cautus, prōvidźns, prōvidus,^ cautious; /nouns/ ^cautiō, prōvidentia, prōvīsiō^ ^providźre^ /Actg/ ^animō,^ foresee ^cōnsīderātus,^ circumspect, cautious ^sōbrius,^ moderate, sensible ^cōnsultum,^ (something) well considered ... rashness, indignation ... ^vehemźns, violentus,^ impetuous, ardent; /noun/ ^violentia^ ^praeceps,^ hasty, rash ^temerārius, incōnsīderātus,^ thoughtless, rash; /noun/ ^temeritās;^ ^temere,^ rashly, at random ^effrźnātiō,^ unbridled impetuosity ^neglegźns,^ careless, inattentive, reckless ^incautus, imprōvidus, imprūdźns,^ heedless, improvident, off one's guard; /noun/ ^imprūdentia^ ^incōnsultus,^ unadvised, indiscreet *38.8 mild/severe* ... pleasant, mild ... ^iūcundus, suāvis,^ pleasant, agreeable, charming; /nouns/ ^iūcunditās, suāvitās^ ^hilaris,^ cheerful; /noun/ ^hilaritās^ ^remissus,^ cheerful, genial ^bonitās,^ goodness, kindness, friendliness, benevolence ^grātus,^ pleasing, agreeable ^placidus,^ gentle, calm ^grātiōsus,^ popular, beloved, obliging, agreeable ^commodus, prōlixus,^ agreeable, obliging, friendly ^aequus,^ kind ^clźmźns, lźnis, mānsuźtus,^ gentle, lenient; /nouns/ ^clźmentia, lźnitās, mānsuźtūdō^ ^mītis,^ gentle, mild ^hūmānus,^ kind, courteous; /noun/ ^hūmānitās^ ^almus,^ /adj./ kindly ^beneficus,^ obliging; ^beneficium,^ kind deed; $beneficiō afficere$, treat well; ^beneficentia,^ beneficence ^propitius,^ favourable, gracious ^officium,^ favour, courtesy; $mūtātiō officiōrum$, mutual services ^hōc^ (/Ac/) ^tibi grātificor,^ do you this favour ^benīgnus,^ friendly; /noun/ ^benīgnitās^ ^cōmis,^ affable, genial, courteous; /noun/ ^cōmitās^ ^festīvus,^ jovial, agreeable ^facilis, benevolus,^ good-natured, kind; /nouns/ ^facilitās, benevolentia^ ... severe, harsh ... ^sevźrus,^ stern, austere; /noun/ ^sevźritās^ ^dźrźctus,^ severe ^asper,^ harsh, violent, cruel; /noun/ ^asperitās^ ^truculentus, trux,^ grim, harsh ^atrōx,^ grim, truculent, severe; /noun/ ^atrōcitās^ ^importūnus,^ harsh, churlish; /noun/ ^importūnitās^ ^acerbus,^ bitter, harsh ^amārus,^ caustic, bitter ^dūrus,^ hard, merciless, unfeeling; /noun/ ^dūritia^ ^ferreus,^ hard-hearted, cruel ^trīstis,^ morose, stern; /noun/ ^trīstitia^ ^difficilis,^ ill-tempered, surly; /noun/ ^difficultās^ ^mōrōsus,^ peevish, fretful; /noun/ ^mōrōsitās^ ^inhūmānus,^ savage, churlish, discourteous; /noun/ ^inhūmānitās^ ^saevus, ferōx,^ fierce, violent, savage; /nouns/ ^saevitia, ferōcia, ferōcitās^ ^crūdźlis,^ cruel, hard-hearted; ^crūdźlitās,^ cruelty; $crūdźlitātem exercźre$, display c.[ruelty] *38.9 generous/stingy* ... generous, liberal ... ^largus,^ bountiful, liberal; ^largīrī,^ give freely, lavish; /nouns/ ^largītiō, largitās^ ^benīgnus,^ obliging, liberal; /noun/ ^benīgnitās^ ^līberālis, mūnificus,^ generous, liberal; /nouns/ ^līberālitās, mūnificentia^ ^plźnā manū,^ generously ^sūmptuōsus, prōdigus,^ extravagant, wasteful; $homō sūmptuōsus$, spendthrift ... stingy, miserly ... ^parcus,^ thrifty, niggardly; /noun/ ^parsimōnia^ ^malīgnus, tenāx,^ stingy, closefisted ^avārus,^ miserly, covetous; /noun/ ^avāritia^ ^studium lucrī^ /or/ ^habendī,^ greed +39 WORK, DUTY+ *39.1 work, effort* ^labor,^ work; $sź labōre dūrāre$, strengthen oneself by hard work; $nōn parcere labōrī$, spare no pains; /verbs/ ^labōrāre, źlaborāre^ /Actg/ or /Abtg/ ^lūcūbrātiō,^ working by night, work done by night ^opus,^ labour, effort; $o.[pus] efficere$ /or/ $perficere$, perform work; /diminutive/ ^opusculum^ ^cōnātus,^ effort, exertion; $cōnātūs$ /Gpn/ $īnfringere$, counteract one's e.[fforts] ^opera,^ work, exertion; $operam dare$ /D/, bestow care on, take pains over; $operae pretium est$, it is worth while; $oleum et operam perdere$, lose one's time and trouble ^mōlźs, mōlīmen, mōlīmentum,^ exertion ^contentiō, intentiō,^ effort, exertion, straining ^nītī, adnītī, cōnītī, źnītī, mōlīrī, contendere,^ exert oneself, strive; $summā$ /or/ $māximā ope źnītī$, make supreme efforts ^expetere,^ strive for ^sūdāre,^ work hard; /noun/ ^sūdor^ ^accūrāre,^ do with care ^omnia summa facere,^ do one's utmost ^prō virīlī parte, summā vī,^ to the best of one's ability, with all one's might ^operam nāvāre^ /Dtg/, work hard at, carry out energetically; /adj./ ^nāvus,^ busy, active ^negōtium,^ business, trouble ^occupātus,^ busy; ^occupātiō,^ occupation ^coeptum, inceptum,^ undertaking ^cōnficere, perficere, peragere, absolvere,^ complete, carry through ^fungī^ /Ab/, perform (as a duty), discharge; ^fūnctiō,^ execution ^efficere,^ contrive, accomplish; $efficere ut$ /subj./, succeed in (a design); ^effectiō, effectus,^ carrying out, performance; ^efficāx,^ effective /Actg/ ^retractāre,^ take up again ^rem prosperź gerere,^ win a success; ^prosperź źvenīre,^ turn out well. /See also 32.2/ ^dispōnere,^ arrange; /noun/ ^dispositiō^ *39.2 leisure* ^ōtium,^ leisure, ease, idleness; ^ōtiōsus,^ at leisure, lazy; $ōtiōsus sum$, enjoy repose; ^ōtiārī,^ take one's leisure, be at l.[eisure] ^sź ab omnī occupātiōne expedīre,^ put all work aside ^cessāre,^ be at leisure, have nothing to do; /nouns/ ^cessātiō,^ idling; ^cessātor,^ idler ^tempus vacuum,^ leisure; ^vacuus,^ disengaged; $animō vacuō esse$, be disengaged; ^vacāre,^ be at leisure ^subsicīva tempora,^ leisure hours ^fźriātus,^ disengaged, idle ^nihil agere,^ be idle QV: amuseument, sport, 35 QV: rest, 39.9 *39.3 vain effort* ^nihil agere,^ lose one's labour, effect nothing ^nihil prōdesse,^ be useless ^rź īnfectā,^ without result ^frūstrā,^ in vain, without effect ^nźquīquam,^ in vain, to no purpose ^irritus,^ vain, useless, ineffectual *39.4 duty* ^mūnus, officium, pźnsum,^ duty; ^officiōsus,^ obliging, ready to serve ^pius,^ dutiful (e.g. son, parent); /noun/ ^pietās^ ^prōvincia,^ official duty, charge ^iūdicis^ (/etc./) ^est^ /Inf./, it is the duty of a judge (etc.) to ... ^oportet,^ it is proper, (I) ought, it is (my) duty ^velle,^ be willing ^sponte meā,^ of my own accord ^libenter,^ willingly ^meā voluntāte,^ voluntarily, of my own free will C: The following sub-division has been added by me ... ... ^cōgere, compellere, subigere,^ compel QV: urge, 41.6 ^vī, per vim,^ forcibly ^nōlle,^ be unwilling ^invītus,^ unwilling ^gravātź, gravātim,^ unwillingly *39.5 easy* ^facilis, prōclīvis,^ easy; /noun/ ^facilitās^ ^facile,^ easily, with ease ^nūllō negōtiō,^ without difficulty, without trouble *39.6 difficult* ^difficilis,^ difficult, hard; /noun/ ^difficultās^ ^aegrź, vix, difficulter,^ with difficulty ^arduus,^ very difficult ^labōriōsus, operōsus,^ toilsome ^rźs est multae operae,^ it is a hard piece of work ^onus,^ burden ^spissum opus,^ a lengthy, laborious, troublesome piece of work ^contortiō,^ intricacy, complication *39.7 industrious, eager; care* ^industrius, labōriōsus, operōsus,^ industrious; /noun/ ^industria^ ^sźdulus, dīligźns,^ painstaking; /nouns/ ^sźdulitās, dīligentia,^ attentiveness ^attentus, intentus,^ attentive, industrious ^assiduus,^ assiduous ^ācer, alacer, impiger, źrźctus, strźnuus, vegetus,^ eager, keen, active, energetic; /nouns/ ^ācrimōnia,^ energy; ^alacritās,^ enthusiasm; ^impigritās,^ energy, diligence ^prōmptus,^ ready, willing ^studium,^ zeal; ^studiōsus,^ keen, eager ^studiīs dźditus,^ an eager student ^nihil praetermittere quīn^ /subj./, leave nothing undone ^cūra,^ care ^cūrāre, prōcūrāre,^ look after, attend to ^prōspicere, prōvidźre,^ provide for ^invigilāre,^ be concerned for ^animum attendere ad^ /Ac/, ^respicere,^ pay attention to, have regard for; /noun/ ^respectus^ /Gpn/ ^ratiōnibus^ (interests) ^cōnsulere^ /or/ ^prōspicere^ /or/ ^prōvidźre,^ consult, provide for ^ratiōnem habźre^ /Gtg/, have regard for, see to, be concerned about *39.8 idle; neglect* ^īgnāvus, piger, sźgnis, sōcors,^ idle, lazy, sluggish, dilatory; /nouns/ ^ignāvia, pigritia, sźgnitia, sźgnitās, sōcordia^ ^nebulō,^ idle rascal ^remissus, iners,^ slack, indolent; $paulō remissius$, with some want of energy ^refrīgerārī, refrīgźscere, relanguźscere,^ grow languid ^languidus,^ sluggish, listless, inactive ^lentus,^ easy-going, phlegmatic; /noun/ ^lentitūdō^ ^dźsidia, inertia,^ inactivity; /adj./ ^dźsidiōsus^ ^liquźscere,^ grow slack ^incūria,^ carelessness, neglect ^neglegere, dźrelinquere^ /Actg/, ^dźesse^ /Dtg/, neglect; /nouns/ ^neglegentia, dźrelictiō^ ^indormīre^ /Dtg/, be careless over ^id facere intermīsit,^ he has neglected to do it ^omittere,^ leave undone (designedly) ^praetermittere,^ leave undone (undesignedly); $praetermissa repetere$, make good what had been left undone ^posthabźre, postpōnere,^ neglect, sacrifice *39.9 weariness, rest* ^lassitūdō,^ weariness, fatigue ^dźfetīscī,^ grow weary, be exhausted ^fessus, dźfessus,^ /plp/ ^lassus,^ weary, tired ^fatīgātus, dźfatīgātus, cōnfectus (labōre),^ exhausted; /nouns/ ^fatīgātiō, dźfatīgātiō^ ^languźre,^ be faint, wearied; ^languźscere,^ grow faint ^quiźscere,^ rest, leave off; /noun/ ^quiźs;^ $sź quiźtī dare$ /or/ $trādere, quiźtem capere$, take rest; /adj./ ^quiźtus,^ at rest ^acquiźscere, conquiźscere,^ repose, find rest ^requiźs,^ rest, recreation; /verb/ ^requiźscere^ ^reficere,^ restore, refresh; $sź r.[eficere]$, rest ^tranquillitās,^ peacefulness +40 LEARNING, KNOWLEDGE+ *40.11 wisdom, knowledge* ^scientia,^ knowledge; ^scīre,^ know ^artis praecepta,^ theory ^cōgnitiō,^ knowledge, acquaintance (with things) ^omnis doctrīna,^ every branch of learning ^disciplīna,^ knowledge, science, whatever is taught ^sapientia,^ wisdom, discernment, intelligence, philosophy; $doctōrźs sapientiae$, philosophers; /adj./ ^sapiźns^ ^sapere,^ be wise ^resipīscere,^ recover sense ^omnźs ineptiās excutere,^ put away childish things ^źrudītiō,^ learning, knowledge ^studium,^ study; $studiīs obsequī$ /or/ $sź imbuere$, devote oneself to s.[tudy]; $in aliquod s.[tudium] incumbere$, devote oneself to some s.[tudy] ^litterae,^ scholarship, learning; $litterārum tractātiō$, occupation with l.[earning]; $sź litterīs$ (/Ab/) /or/ $in litterās abdere$ /or/ $sź litterīs involvere$, bury oneself in l.[earning]; $tīnctus litterīs$, steeped in l.[earning], a thorough scholar ^philosophia,^ philosophy; ^philosophus, sapiźns,^ philosopher; ^philosophiam profitźrī, philosophārī,^ be a philosopher by profession; $philosophiae vacāre$, devote oneself to p.[hilosophy] ^secta, haeresis,^ philosophical school ^sophistźs,^ sophist ^prūdentia,^ (practical) prudence, good sense; /adj./ ^prūdźns^ ^sźnsus commūnis,^ common sense ^vir māgnī cōnsiliī^ /or/ ^iūdiciō fīrmō praeditus,^ man of sound judgment ^perītia, ūsus,^ experience, practical knowledge ^perītus, imbūtus ūsū,^ experienced ... ... ^scītus,^ /usu. poet. of persons/, shrewd, wise, skilful ^cūriōsus,^ desirous of knowing, inquisitive; /noun/ ^cūriōsitās^ ^astūtus, argūtus,^ shrewd; /noun/ ^argūtiae,^ wit, subtlety, shrewdness ^versūtus,^ adroit, ingenious ^callidus, sollers,^ clever, expert; ^sollertia,^ shrewdness, ingenuity, dexterity ^subtīlis,^ subtle; /noun/ ^subtīlitās^ ^perspicāx,^ acute, penetrating QV: caution, forethought, 38.7 ^doctus,^ learned, versed, experienced ^studiōsus,^ studious, learned ^źrudītus,^ learned, well-informed, experienced ^philologus,^ learned, scholarly; /as noun/, scholar, savant; ^philologia,^ love of learning ^speculātor,^ inquirer, investigator ^gnārus, sciźns,^ skilful, expert ^acūtus, sagāx,^ shrewd, sagacious; /nouns/ ^acūmen, sagācitās^ *40.12 folly, ignorance* ^īnscientia,^ ignorance, inexperience ^īnscītia,^ stupidity, incompetence ^nescīre litterās,^ be without a liberal education ^barbarus,^ ignorant; /nouns/ ^barbaria, barbariźs^ ^imperītus,^ inexperienced, ignorant ^in philosophiā inermis,^ not versed in p.[hilosophy] ^idiōta,^ ignorant person, layman ^incallidus,^ unintelligent ^hebes, stupidus, stultus, fatuus, stolidus, īnscītus, tardus, bārdus,^ dull, stupid; /nouns/ ^stupor, stultitia, fatuitās, īnscītia, tarditās^ ^dźsipere,^ be foolish ^bārō,^ fool ^īnsipiźns,^ unwise, foolish; /noun/ ^īnsipientia^ ^īnsānus,^ foolish; ^īnsānia,^ folly ^absurdus, ineptus,^ silly, absurd, senseless, irrational; ^ineptiae,^ nonsense, trifling ^sōcors,^ silly, thoughtless; /noun/ ^sōcordia^ ^īnsulsus,^ insipid, silly, absurd; /noun/ ^īnsulsitās^ ^īnfacźtus, frīgidus, plumbeus,^ dull, stupid *40.13 sly, cunning, crafty* ^vafer,^ crafty, artful, subtle ^astūtus, astūtiae,^ /usu. in bad sense/ ^argūtus, argūtiae,^ /usu. in bad sense/ ^sollers,^ /not in bad sense; but/ ^sollertia^ /sometimes in bad sense/ ^callidus,^ /also in bad sense;/ /noun/ ^calliditās,^ /usu. in bad sense/ ^veterātor,^ crafty old fellow QV: rashness, indisrection, 38.8 QV: fraud, 47.4 *40.14 investigate* ^indāgāre, invźstīgāre,^ track, investigate; /nouns/ ^indāgātiō, invźstīgātiō^ ^quaerere,^ inquire, investigate; /noun/ ^quaestiō^ ^inquīrere,^ investigate, examine ^pertemptāre,^ inquire into ^pertractāre,^ investigate, study ^recōgnōscere,^ investigate, inspect ^cūriōsus ad invźstīgandum,^ an eager investigator *40.21 school; teacher* ^disciplīna, doctrīna,^ teaching, training ^źducāre, źdūcere,^ educate; $homō līberāliter źducātus$, a well-educated man ^lūdus, schola, gymnasium,^ school ^audītōrium,^ lecture room ^magister,^ master ^praeceptor,^ teacher ^professor,^ public teacher, professor ^grammaticus,^ teacher of language and literature, scholar ^sella,^ teacher's chair ^īnstituere, īnstruere, īnfōrmāre, docźre, praecipere^ (e.g. $dź arte dīcendī$), ^źrudīre, artibus īnficere (puerum),^ teach, instruct; /nouns/ ^īnstitūtiō, źrudītiō^ ^źdocźre,^ teach thoroughly ^(iuvenźs) ad studium incitāre,^ urge to work ^praeceptum, nōrma,^ rule, precept ^fōrmula,^ rule, method ^rźgula,^ rule, model, pattern ^ratiō,^ system, doctrine, tenet; $ratiōne et viā$, systematically ^inventa,^ doctrines, opinions ^initia^ /P/, first principles ^explicāre,^ set forth, explain; $rźs involūtās e.[xplicāre]$, e.[xplain] what is complicated; /nouns/ ^explicātiō, explicātor;^ /adj./ ^inexplicābilis^ ^interpretārī,^ explain; /noun/ ^interpretātiō^ ^explānāre,^ explain; /nouns/ ^explānātiō, explānātor^ ^elementa^ /P/, rudiments *40.22 pupil* ^discipulus, -a, alumnus, -a,^ pupil ^discere,^ learn; ^źdiscere,^ learn by heart, learn thoroughly; ^condiscere,^ learn carefully ^tīrō,^ beginner ^rudis,^ unskilled, inexperienced ^nōscere,^ learn; ^pernōscere,^ come to know well ^cōgnōscere,^ learn, get to know, investigate, study ^studźre^ /D/, learn, apply oneself to ^prōcźdere,^ make progress, e.g. $in philosophiā$; /noun/ ^prōcessus^ ^in^ /Abtg/ ^aliquid (multum) prōficere,^ make some (much) progress ^prōgressūs facere in studiīs,^ get on with one's studies ^paulum prōgressus,^ having made some headway ^commentārī, meditārī,^ study ^ingenium,^ ability; $i.[ngenium] subigere$, train, school the mind; $ingeniō valźre$, be talented; $prīnceps ingeniī$, of unusual ability ^docilis,^ easily taught; /noun/ ^docilitās;^ ^indocilis,^ learning with difficulty ^ferula,^ rod QV: industrious, idle, 39.7, 39.8 *40.31 culture* ^cultūra,^ culture ^cultus,^ civilisation, refinement; $animī c.[ultus]$, intellectual culture, mental discipline ^sapor,^ taste, refinement ^polītus,^ refined, cultivated ^ingenium excolere, mānsuźfacere, subigere,^ cultivate, train, school the mind ^cultus (animus),^ polished, refined ^litterae Latīnae,^ Roman literature; $litterīs studźre$, study literature ^litterātus,^ accomplished, scholarly ^vir doctus,^ scholar ^hūmānus,^ well-informed, learned; ^hūmānitās,^ liberal education, refinement QV: wise, learned, 40.11 *40.32 lack of culture* ^rudis, dūrus,^ unpolished, uncultivated ^horridus,^ uncouth, unpolished ^agrestis,^ boorish, uncultivated ^crassus,^ dull, uncultivated ^homō vāstus,^ a rough, unpolished fellow ^impolītus,^ unrefined, inelegant ^homō incultus^ /or/ ^sine sapōre,^ unpolished, unrefined man ^omnis źrudītiōnis expers,^ illiterate ^illitterātus,^ uneducated, illiterate ^indoctus, inźrudītus,^ ignorant, uninstructed ^omnium rźrum īnscius,^ completely ignorant ^iners,^ unskilled; /noun/ ^inertia^ QV: foolish, ignorant, 40.12 *40.4 activities of the mind* *40.41 thought* ^mźns,^ mind; $mihi in mentem venit$ /or/ $occurrit$, it occurs to me; $mentem acuere$, sharpen the intellect; $mentī imprimere$ /or/ $mandāre$, impress on the mind; $incidere in mentem$, occur to the mind ^animum ad^ /Actg/ ^attendere^ /or/ ^in^ /or/ ^ad^ /Actg/ ^intendere,^ turn one's thoughts to, give heed to; $in animō imprimere$, impress on the mind; $animō īnfīxus$, impressed on the mind; $animus mōbilis$, active mind; $percussit animum$, it struck me; $praesentia animī$, presence of mind ^illud mihi succurrit,^ it comes into my mind ^impressiō,^ impression ^cōgitāre,^ think, meditate; $tōtō pectore c.[ōgitāre]$, think hard, deeply; ^cōgitātiō,^ thought, meditation ^reor,^ think ^animadvertere,^ heed, direct the mind to ^attentus,^ attentive, intent on ^cōnsīderāre, animō volvere^ (/or/ ^volūtāre^), ^perpendere, reputāre, dźlīberāre, agitāre in mente, exāmināre, meditārī, ponderāre, recolere,^ ponder, consider; /nouns/ ^cōnsīderātiō, dźlīberātiō, meditātiō;^ ^dźlīberābundus,^ deep in thought ^cōgitātiōnem ad^ /Ac/ ^dīrigere,^ give one's mind to ^rem animō perlūstrāre,^ survey, consider ^ratiōcinārī,^ reason, draw conclusions; ^ratiōcinātiō,^ logical conclusion ^conclūdere,^ infer, draw conclusion; /noun/ ^conclūsiō^ ^sequitur, ut^ /subj./, it follows (logically) that ^cōgnitiō,^ study, investigation ^crźdere,^ believe; $vix crźdī potest$, it is scarcely credible ^incrźdibile dictū est,^ it sounds incredible ^probābilis,^ credible ^exīstimāre,^ judge, suppose; /noun/ ^exīstimātiō^ ^mźtīrī, pendere, expendere,^ judge, estimate ^animō^ /or/ ^mente concipere, animō fingere,^ imagine, conceive, comprehend, realise ^mente complectī,^ grasp, comprehend ^cōgitātiōne^ /Actg/ ^dźpingere,^ imagine ^nōtiō, īnfōrmātiō,^ idea, conception ^conicere, coniectāre, suspicārī, suspīciōne attingere^ /or/ ^assequī, coniectūrā cōnsequī,^ guess, conjecture; ^coniectūra,^ guess, conjecture ^suspīciō,^ conjecture, (vague) idea ^intellegere, animō^ /or/ ^mente comprehendere, animō amplectī,^ understand; $penitus intellegere$ /Actg/, have a thorough grasp of; /nouns/ ^intellegentia, comprehźnsiō^ ^percipere,^ perceive, understand; /noun/ ^perceptiō^ ^āgnōscere,^ recognise *40.42 opinion/error* ... opinion ... ^sententia,^ opinion, judgment; $meā sententiā$, in my opinion; $esse, haerźre, manźre, permanźre, persevźrāre, perstāre in eādem sententiā$, remain of the same opinion ^opīniō,^ opinion, conjecture, belief ^cōgitātiō,^ opinion, judgment ^putāre, iūdicāre, cźnsźre, arbitrārī, opīnārī,^ be of opinion, judge, believe, think ^placet mihi,^ I am of opinion, believe ^cum Mārcō sentīre,^ agree with M.[arcus]; $ā Mārcō sentīre, aliter sentīre ac Mārcus$, hold a different view from M.[ arcus]'s, differ from M.[arcus] ^eadem sentīre,^ hold the same sentiments ^assentīre^ /Dpn/, agree with ^nūllō recūsante,^ with no dissentient ^cōnsentīre cum^ /Ab/, be in agreement with; $cōnsentiunt ūnō ōre omnźs$, they are unanimous; $parum cōnsentiō cum$ /Ab/, do not agree with ^inter sź discrepāre^ /or/ ^dissentīre, dissidźre,^ disagree, be of different opinions; /nouns/ ^dissźnsiō, discrepantia^ ... error ... ^minus^ (/or/ ^haud rźctź^) ^intellegere,^ misunderstand ^cōnfundere,^ disconcert, perplex ^error, errātum,^ mistake; $errōribus implicārī$, be involved in e.[rror]; $animum in errōrem indūcere$, lead astray; $errōrem fźcī$, I was mistaken; /Dpn/ $errōrem źripere, tollere, extorquźre$, remove e.[rror]; $errōrem dźpōnere$, abandon e.[rror]; /verb/ ^errāre^ ^mendum,^ fault, blunder; /adj./ ^mendōsus^ ^mentiźns,^ fallacy ^in fraudem incidere^ /or/ ^dźlābī,^ make a mistake ^litūra,^ correction ^corrigere, źmendāre,^ correct; /nouns/ ^corrźctiō, źmendātiō^ QV: true, false, 43 *40.43 know/evident* ... know, discover, be certain ... ^scīre,^ know; $certō scīre$, know for a fact, be certain ^sentīre,^ be or become aware of; $quod sźnserim$, as far as I am aware ^nōvisse,^ know; ^nōtitia,^ acquaintance, knowledge ^nōtus, nōbilis,^ known, notorious; $satis n.[ōtus]$, well known; ^nōbilitāre,^ make famous or notorious ^rem manū tenźre,^ have a sure knowledge of ^certus,^ certain; /Actg/ $certum$ /or/ $prō certō habźre$ /or/ $certum scīre$, know for sure ^explōrātus,^ established, certain, sure ^stabilis,^ certain, definite ^certź, certō, sine dubiō, sine ūllā dubitātiōne,^ without doubt ^profectō,^ certainly, for sure, indeed ^cōgnōscere,^ discover (facts) ^perspicere,^ recognise, come to know ^comperīre, reperīre,^ find out, ascertain; $compertum habeō$ (/or/ $mihi est$), I know well, attain to certainty ^cōnstat,^ it is well known; $c.[ōnstat] inter omnźs$, it is allowed, agreed by all, generally accepted ... clear, plain, evident ... ^liquet, manifźstum est,^ it is clear ^expressus,^ visible, clear, plain ^(satis) appāret,^ it is evident; ^apertź,^ openly, plainly ^perspicuus,^ clear, manifest; /noun/ ^perspicuitās^ ^clārus,^ plain, evident; ^praeclārus,^ very clear ^patźre,^ be clear, evident ^plānus,^ plain; $plānum facere$, make clear; ^plānź,^ clearly, distinctly *40.44 not know, be uncertain* ^nescīre, īgnōrāre,^ not know, be unaware; /noun/ ^īgnōrātiō^ ^īgnārus, imprūdźns,^ unaware; /noun/ ^imprūdentia^ ^īnscius, nescius,^ not knowing, ignorant; $nōn sum īnscius$, I am well aware ^mź īnsciō, mź īnsciente,^ without my knowledge ^īgnōtus, incōgnitus,^ unknown ^vagus,^ vague, indefinite ^fallere,^ escape notice ^quid sit ambigitur,^ it is uncertain; ^ambiguus,^ uncertain ^dubitāre,^ doubt; $dubitārī potest$, it is open to question; ^dubitātiō,^ uncertainty; ^dubius,^ wavering, doubtful; $in dubium venīre$, become doubtful ^anceps,^ doubtful, uncertain; $haud a.[nceps]$, decisive ^vānus,^ false, untrustworthy; /noun/ ^vānitās^ ^obscūrus,^ indistinct, unintelligible; /noun/ ^obscūritās^ ^adumbrātus,^ sketched, outlined, indistinct; /noun/ ^adumbrātiō^ ^haesitāre,^ be at a loss; /noun/ ^haesitātiō^ ^flūctuāre,^ waver, be uncertain ^animī^ /or/ ^animō pendźre,^ be perplexed, in suspense ^titubāre,^ waver, falter, be embarrassed ^forte, fortāsse, forsitan^ (/with subj./), perhaps ^vźrī similis,^ probable; ^vźrī similiter,^ probably; ^vźrī similitūdō,^ probability *40.45 remember* ^meminisse, commemorāre, reminīscī, recordārī, memoriā tenźre^ /or/ ^retinźre^ /or/ ^cūstōdīre, in memoriam redigere, repetere^ /Ac/ ^in memoriā^ /or/ ^memoriam^ /G/, ^recōgnōscere, redūcere in memoriam,^ call to mind, recollect ^memoriam redintegrāre,^ refresh the m.[emory] ^in memoriā penitus īnsīdere,^ be firmly fixed in the mind ^memoriae mandāre,^ impress on the mind ^memoriae prōdere,^ record ^memoriam^ /G/ ^prōdere,^ hand down ^venit mihi in mentem, animō teneō,^ I recollect ^memoria,^ memory; $memoriā vigźre$, have a good memory ^commemorātiō,^ remembrance ^memor,^ mindful; ^memoriter,^ from memory ^recordātiō,^ recollection, remembrance ^monźre, admonźre,^ remind; /noun/ ^monitiō^ ^commemorāre,^ remind of ^commonźre, commonefacere,^ remind forcibly *40.46 forget* ^oblīvīscī,^ forget; /noun/ ^oblīviō;^ $in oblīviōnem$ /G/ $veniō$ /or/ $capit mź oblīviō$ /G/, forget; $oblīviōne obruī, in oblīviōne iacźre$, be forgotten; $oblīviōnī dare$, consign to oblivion; $ab oblīviōne vindicāre$, rescue from oblivion ^dźpōnere ex memoriā,^ forget ^excidere,^ escape (memory); $mihi ista exciderant$, I had forgotten these things ^memoriā dīlābī,^ escape the memory ^reī memoriam tollere,^ erase from the memory ^nihil tź effugiet,^ you will forget nothing ^in praeteritīs relinquere,^ forget to mention ^immemor, oblīviōsus,^ forgetful; $immemor sum$, forget *40.51 cause, reason* ^cūr? quid? quāre? quamobrem?^ why? ^causa,^ cause; $causae$ /D/ $esse$, be the cause of; $causam īnferre$, allege c.[ause] ^facere, facessere^ /or/ ^efficere^ /Ac or/ ^ut^ /subj./, cause, bring about ^per mź fit, ut^ /subj./, I am the cause of ^ratiō,^ ground, motive, reason; ^ratiuncula,^ poor, inadequate reason ^per mź stat, quōminus^ /subj./ I am the cause of ^nōn^ /or/ ^nihil habeō, quod^ /subj./, I have no reason to ^est cūr^ /or/ ^quod^ /subj./, there is cause to ... ^nihil est quod (cūr, quamobrem)^ /subj./, there is no reason why ^ratiō,^ reason, motive ^mź auctōre,^ at my suggestion, instigation ^frūstrā^ /Actg/ ^facere,^ do without good cause, groundlessly ^immeritō accūsāre,^ accuse undeservedly, without cause ^meritō,^ deservedly, with good cause *40.52 effect* ^quia, quod, proptereā quod^ /or/ ^quia,^ because ^ob^ /Ac/, ^propter^ /Ac/, on account of ^eō,^ therefore, for that reason ^effectus,^ effect ^źventum, źventus,^ consequence, result, issue ^fźtus,^ fruit, produce, e.g. $animī$ ^frūgźs^ (e.g. $industriae$), result ^frūctum^ /Gtg or/ ^ex^ /Abtg/ ^percipere^ /or/ ^capere,^ reap the fruit of; $frūctum cōnsequī$, obtain a result, return QV: good and bad fortune, 32.2, 32.3 *40.61 plan* ^cōnsilium,^ plan; $c.[ōnsilium] capere, inīre$, adopt or form a p.[lan]; $c.[ōnsilium] frangere$, spoil, bring to nought a p.[lan] ^ratiō,^ plan; $ratiōne et viā$, methodically ^dźscrīptus,^ well planned ^dispositź,^ methodically ^in animō habeō, mihi in animō est,^ I intend /Actg/ ^animō intendere,^ plan ^quid tendit?^ what is his object? ^animō^ /or/ ^cum animō^ /or/ ^in mente^ /or/ ^sźcum agitāre^ /Ac or/ ^dź^ /Ab/, intend, plan ^scelus concipere,^ plan a crime ^cōgitāre,^ intend, plan; /noun/ ^cōgitātiō^ ^meditārī^ /with inf./, intend ^īnstitūtum,^ settled plan, course ^prōpositum,^ plan, purpose; $p.[rōpositum] tenźre$, keep to one's plan; $p.[rōpositum] assequī$, attain one's plan ^eā^ /or/ ^hāc mente,^ with this intention ^cōnsultō, dź industriā,^ with deliberation, by design, on purpose ^eō cōnsiliō, ut ...,^ with the intention of ^īnsidiae, artźs,^ schemes (to deceive), trickery *40.62 without plan* ^cōnfūsus,^ confused, muddled; /noun/ ^cōnfūsiō^ ^inconditus,^ irregular, without order ^nūllā ratiōne,^ without method ^cāsū, forte, fortuītō, temere, temere ac fortuītō,^ casually, by chance, at random ^incōnsultź,^ thoughtlessly *40.7 books* ^liber,^ book; $librōs źdere, scrīpta forās dare$, publish ^scrīptum,^ something written; /P/ ^scrīpta,^ books, works, treatises ^volūmen,^ book (rolled), volume ^cōdex,^ book (/with flat leaves/) ^pugillārźs^ /P/, ^libellus,^ notebook ^tabella,^ document, record ^commentāriī,^ memoirs ^libellus, cōnscrīptiō,^ treatise ^pāgina,^ page ... ... ^legere,^ read; ^perlegere,^ read through; ^vorāre,^ read eagerly; ^pervolūtāre,^ read carefully; ^lźctiō,^ reading, perusal; ^lźctor,^ reader ^recitāre,^ read out ^anagnōstźs,^ reader ^źvolvere^ /or/ ^explicāre^, (unfold and) read; /noun/ ^źvolūtiō^ ^scrīptor,^ author ^compōnere, cōnscrībere^ ($librum, epistulam$), compose, write ^stilus,^ composition, style of composition; $artifex s.[tilus]$, artistic style ... ... ^bibliothźca,^ library ^librārius,^ /late/, bookseller ^taberna librāria,^ bookshop ^capsa, scrīnium, cista, librārium, pźgma,^ bookcase ^umbilīcus,^ projecting end of cylinder on which book was rolled *40.8 writing* ^scrībere,^ write; $apertź s.[crībere]$, write freely, without reserve ^dźscrībere,^ copy, transcribe, draw ^exscrībere,^ copy ^perscrībere,^ write down in full, record accurately; ^perscrīptiō,^ record, entry ^litterīs mandāre,^ commit to writing ^litūra,^ erasure; ^stilum vertere,^ erase, correct ^īnscrībere^ /Dtg or/ ^in^ /Abtg/, write in or on; /noun/ ^īnscrīptiō^ ^titulus,^ inscription, title ^exarāre,^ jot down ^trānscrībere, trānsferre (in tabulās),^ copy ^in tabulās, in cōdicem referre,^ enter, register ^rźs per scrīptūram amplectī,^ treat in writing ^scrība,^ (public) writer, secretary ^librārius,^ transcriber of books, copyist, secretary ^ā manū servus,^ /late/, secretary ... ... ^membrāna,^ parchment ^charta,^ paper ^calamus,^ (reed) pen; $calamum sūmere$, take up one's p.[en] ^ātrāmentum,^ ink ^tabula, tabella,^ (wax-covered) slate, writing tablet ^cźra,^ writing-tablet ^triplicźs,^ writing tablet with three leaves ^stilus,^ iron pen, style; $stilum vertere$, erase ^dictāre,^ dictate QV: prose, 42.1 QV: verse, 42.2 QV: language, 42.3 *40.9 letters* ^litterae^ /P/, letter; $litterās mittere ad$ /Acpn/, send a l.[etter] to; /Dpn/ $litterās remittere$, write a reply to; $litterās dare$, post a l.[etter]; $litterās reddere$, deliver a l.[etter]; $litterae mihi ā Mārcō allātae sunt$, I have received a l.[etter] from M.[arcus]; $litterās dare et accipere$, correspond; $litterīs perfertur ad mź$, I am informed by l.[etter]; $Hās litterās Nōnīs Mārtiīs scrībźbam$ (I am writing; in Latin, past tense, from recipient's point of view) $atque ōrō$ (entreaty remains a present wish) $tź, ut quam prīmum rescrībās$ ^epistula,^ letter; /Acpn/ $longīs epistulīs obtundere$, molest with lengthy l.[etters]; $epistulārum cōnsuźtūdō$, correspondence ^cōdicillī^ /P/, note, short letter ^diem in epistulā ascrībere,^ add the date ^epistulam patrī īnscrībere,^ address letter to one's father ^interiōre epistulā,^ in the body of the letter ^epistulam conclūdere,^ end letter; ^clausula,^ conclusion of letter ^obsīgnāre^ /or/ ^sīgnāre epistulam,^ seal letter ^respondźre, rescrībere,^ answer ^litterās^ /or/ ^respōnsum reddere,^ give an a.[nswer]; $r.[espōnsum] ferre$, receive an a.[nswer]; $r.[espōnsum] referre$, bring an a.[nswer] ^tabellārius,^ letter-carrier, postman, courier ... ... ^SVBEEV (sī valźs bene est ego valeō),^ formula at beginning of letters ^impertit tibi multam salūtem,^ sends you his kind regards ^Mārcum velim salvźre iubeās,^ my kind regard to M.[arcus] /Dpn/ ^plūrimam salūtem referre,^ reciprocate good wishes ^Valź^ /or/ ^cūrā ut valeās^ /or/ ^fac valeās,^ formula at end of letters ^sum vester tōtus,^ yours sincerely +41 VOICE, SPEECH+ *41.11* ^vōx,^ voice, /also/ word; $clārā$ (/or/ $māgnā$) $vōce$, with a loud v.[oice]; $summissā vōce$, softly; $pressā, suppressā vōce$, in a subdued, low voice; $vōcem attenuāre$, speak falsetto; $vōcem profundere$, utter a word ^loquī,^ speak, talk; $pūrź et Latīnź loquī$, speak plainly, right out, not to beat about the bush; ^locūtiō,^ speaking, language ^grande genus loquendī,^ sublime language; ^grandiloquus,^ speaking loftily, grandiloquent ^ūber (in dīcendō),^ copious; /noun/ ^ūbertās^ ^subtīliter dīcere,^ speak simply; /noun/ ^subtīlitās^ ^loquāx, linguā prōmptus,^ talkative; /noun/ ^loquācitās^ ^redundāns,^ verbose ^nōn inops verbīs,^ of ready speech ^mōbilitās linguae,^ volubility ^taciturnus,^ not talkative, laconic; /noun/ ^taciturnitās^ ^verbum,^ word; $ad v.[erbum]$, word for word, literally, /also/ $verbum ź (ex) verbō$ (of a single word), $verbum prō verbō$ (of a passage); $ūnō verbō, paucīs verbīs$, briefly; $multīs verbīs$, at great length; $verbīs pressus$, precise; $verba sonantiōra$, well-sounding words; $aucupium verbōrum$, quibbling ^syllaba,^ syllable ^vocābulum,^ word, designation ^lingua, ōrātiō,^ speech, language ^convertere (librum ź Graecō in Latīnum),^ translate ^dźclāmāre,^ practise speaking, declaim; ^dźclāmitāre,^ practise declamation; /nouns/ ^dźclāmātiō, dźclāmātor^ ^prōnūntiāre,^ recite ^źloquī,^ speak out, speak plainly, declare ^appellātiō,^ pronunciation ^lentus in dīcendō,^ drawling ^litterās dīlātāre,^ drawl ^mussāre,^ mutter ^litteram obscūrāre,^ slur a letter (in pronouncing) ^titubāre, balbūtīre, linguā haerźre,^ stutter; ^haesitantia linguae,^ stuttering; /adj./ ^balbus^ ^hālūcinārī, inānī vōce sonāre,^ talk idly, talk nonsense ^effūtīre,^ blab out, chatter ^garrīre,^ chat, talk nonsense ^īnfāns,^ unable to speak, speechless *41.12* ^clāmāre, exclāmāre, inclāmāre, prōclāmāre,^ shout; $clāmātum est$, a cry was raised; /nouns/ ^clāmor, exclāmātiō,^ shout; $clāmor fit$, there is a shout; $clāmōrem tollere, źdere$, raise a shout; $laetantium$ /or/ $exsultantium c.[lāmor]$, shouts of joy, triumph; $clāmor excitātus$, loud shouting; ^clāmātor,^ bawler ^conclāmāre,^ shout together, raise a cry; $māgnā vōce c.[onclāmāre]$, roar ^reclāmāre,^ cry out against ^clāmitāre,^ call violently or loudly ^vōcem obtundere,^ shout oneself hoarse ^ululāre,^ howl, yell, shriek ^vāgīre,^ cry (of babies), squall ^personāre,^ call out ^praedicāre,^ proclaim, publish; ^praedicātiō,^ announcement ^acclāmāre, obstrepere,^ shout at, disapprove (accl. /also/ applaud); /noun/ ^acclāmātiō^ ^advocāre,^ call to (espec. for help or advice) ^dźvocāre,^ call down or away ^sźvocāre, āvocāre,^ call away or aside ^revocāre,^ call back ^excīre,^ call forth ^vōciferārī,^ roar, scream, bawl ^gemere,^ groan; ^ingemīscere^ /D or/ ^in^ /Ab/, groan over; /noun/ ^gemitus^ ^susurrāre,^ whisper, mutter; /noun/ ^susurrus^ ^summissā vōce,^ softly; ^submissiō^ (e.g. $vōcis, ōrātiōnis$), lowering (of voice), quiet manner (of speech) *41.13 song* ^canere, cantāre,^ sing; ^cantitāre,^ sing often ^cantor,^ singer ^cantus, carmen,^ song, melody; $carmen canere, dīcere$ ^cantilźna,^ sing-song ^concinere,^ sing together; /noun/ ^concentus,^ song, harmony *41.21* ^dīcere,^ say, speak; $praecīsź, pressź d.[īcere]$, speak concisely; $difficile (prōclīve) dictū$, hard (easy) to say; $solūtissimus in dīcendō$, a very ready speaker; ^dictiō,^ delivery ^dictum,^ saying; ^dicta^ /P/, words ^verbum^ /or/ ^verba facere, verba habźre,^ speak ^aiō, inquam,^ I say ^źnūntiāre,^ declare, express ^indīcere,^ declare ^nōmen^ /G/ ^źdere,^ state the name of ^recitāre,^ recite; /nouns/ ^recitātiō, recitātor^ ^ōrātiō,^ speech, style; $ōrātiōnem commentārī, comparāre, compōnere, facere, cōnficere$, compose a speech; $ōrātiōnem habźre apud$ /Ac/, make a speech before ^źlocūtiō,^ oratorical delivery, elocution ^īnfantia,^ want of eloquence ^exōrdium,^ introduction (of speech) ^perōrāre,^ conclude a speech; /noun/ ^perōrātiō^ ^ōrātor,^ speaker ^cōntiō,^ public meeting; $cōntiōnem habźre$, address a p.[ublic] m.[eeting]; $advocāre cōntiōnem$, summon a p.[ublic] m.[eeting] ^cōntiōnārī,^ harangue, address ^verba apud populum facere,^ address the people *41.22* ^sermō,^ conversation, discussion; ^sermunculus,^ tittle-tattle ^contrōversia,^ dispute, debate; $contrōversiam dirimere$ /or/ $minuere$, adjust or settle a dispute ^colloquī,^ converse, have a conference with; ^colloquium,^ conversation, conference; $ad c.[olloquium] admittere$, receive in audience; $c.[olloquium] dirimere$, break up c.[onversation] ^fatīgāre^ /Acpn/ ^verbīs,^ importune ^cōnsilium,^ consultation, deliberation; /Acpn/ $in c.[ōnsilium] advocāre$, call in; $cōnsiliīs interesse$, take part in c.[onsultation]; ^cōnsiliārī,^ consult, take counsel ^disserere, disputāre, disceptāre,^ discuss, debate; /nouns/ ^disputātiō, disceptātiō^ ^tractāre,^ handle, discuss *41.23 oratory* ^ars dīcendī,^ eloquence, oratory; ^ratiō dīcendī, rhźtorica^ (/S or P/), ^rhźtoricź,^ rhetoric; ^dīcendī magister, rhźtor,^ teacher of rhetoric; ^palaestra,^ school of rhetoric ^suggestum,^ platform, stage ^fācundus^ (/late/), fluent, eloquent; /noun/ ^fācundia^ (/late/) ^źloquī,^ speak as an orator, eloquently; ^źloquźns,^ eloquent; /noun/ ^źloquentia;^ $dare sź studiō źloquentiae$, devote oneself to the study of e.[loquence] ^facilis ad dīcendum,^ ready of speech ^disertus,^ fluent ^suāvis,^ agreeable, attractive; /noun/ ^suāvitās^ ^festīvus,^ humorous, witty; /noun/ ^festīvitās^ ^dīcāx,^ witty, sarcastic ^lepidus,^ smart, witty; /noun/ ^lepor^ ^urbānus,^ elegant, witty, facetious; /noun/ ^urbānitās^ ^facźtus,^ humorous, facetious; ^facźtiae,^ wit, pleasantry, witticisms ^salsus,^ acute, witty; ^sāl,^ wit, facetiousness, drollery, sarcasm *41.31 address, question* ^alloquī,^ address; /noun/ ^alloquium^ ^adīre ad^ /Ac/, address (in speech or writing) ^appellāre,^ address, accost ^rogāre, interrogāre, scīscitārī,^ ask, inquire; $interrogandō urgźre$, beset with questions; /noun/ ^interrogātiō^ ^quaerere,^ ask, inquire; $illud quaeritur$, the real question is ^percontārī,^ question strictly, investigate; /noun/ ^percontātiō^ ^vocāre,^ call; ^vocātus,^ calling, invocation ^arcessere,^ summon ^convocāre, źvocāre,^ call together *41.32 answer* ^respondźre^ /Dpn/, answer, reply to; /noun/ ^respōnsum;^ $r.[espōnsum] reddere$, give an answer; $r.[espōnsum] ab$ /Abpn/ $ferre$, receive an answer from ^referre,^ reply ^oppōnere,^ object, retort ^cōnfūtāre, redarguere, refellere, refūtāre, revincere,^ disprove, confute, contradict; /noun/ ^refūtātiō^ ^obloquī,^ contradict ^īnfitiārī, īnfitiās īre,^ deny, disown *41.33 greeting* ^salūs,^ salutation, greeting; /verb/ ^salūtāre^ ^quid agis?^ how are you? ^Mārcum meum salūtā nostrīs verbīs,^ greet my friend M.[arcus] on my behalf, give him my kind regards ^salūtem mittere per^ /Ac/, send greeting by ^occursātiō,^ greeting ^salvź, salvźtō, salvźte,^ how do you do? ^salvźre iubeō,^ I bid you good day; $Mārcum iubź salvźre$, greet M.[arcus] for me ^valź^ /or/ ^valeās,^ good-bye; /colloquially/, ^bene valź, bene ambulā^ ^valźre iubeō^ /or/ ^dīcō,^ /or/ ^valedīcō,^ I bid good-bye ^avź, avźtō, avźte,^ /and/ ^salvus sīs,^ /used both at meeting and parting/ *41.4 declare* ^affīrmāre, cōnfīrmāre,^ assert, declare, corroborate; /nouns/ ^affīrmātiō, cōnfīrmātiō^ ^assevźrāre,^ maintain, assure ^dźmōnstrāre, ostendere,^ point out, state; /noun/ ^dźmōnstrātiō^ ^dictitāre,^ assert, allege, pretend ^dźclārāre,^ show, declare, explain, testify; /noun/ ^dźclārātiō^ ^profitźrī,^ declare openly ^mentiō,^ mention; $mentiōnem facere$, mention ^afferre,^ assert ... relate, announce ... ^narrāre, persequī, memorāre, commemorāre, trādere,^ tell, relate, recount ^źnarrāre,^ recount fully, explain in detail ^narrātiō, historia,^ story, narrative ^propōnere, expōnere, explicāre, exsequī,^ set forth, set before; /nouns/ ^explicātiō, expositiō^ ^referre,^ report, relate ^nūntiāre, prōnūntiāre,^ announce, report; ^nūntius,^ messenger, message; ^prōnūntiātor,^ narrator ^dźnūntiāre,^ announce (officially); /noun/ ^dźnūntiātiō^ ^rźs perfertur,^ it is announced ^renūntiāre,^ proclaim, announce (officially); /noun/ ^renūntiātiō^ QV: history, 42.1 *41.5 promise* ^prōmittere, pollicźrī, recipere,^ promise; /nouns/ ^prōmissum, prōmissiō^ (^pollicitātiō^ /not Ci/); $prōmissa facere$, make p.[romise]; $prōmissa ab$ /Abpn/ $exigere$, exact p.[romise] ^spondźre,^ promise (solemnly), pledge oneself; /noun/ ^spōnsiō^ ^fidem dare^ /Dpn/ ^dź^ /Abtg or/ ^inter sź,^ promise ^fidem suam in^ /Actg/ ^interpōnere,^ pledge one's word ^fidem praestāre, fidem suam līberāre, fidem^ /or/ ^prōmissa servāre, prōmissa patrāre, prōmissīs stāre,^ keep one's word ^impleō quod pollicitus sum,^ carry out my promise ^fidem fallere^ /or/ ^frangere^ /or/ ^violāre,^ break one's promise ^fidem hostī datam fallere,^ break one's parole *41.61 persuade, urge* ^suādźre, persuādźre,^ persuade, urge upon, advocate; $frātrī illud persuāsit; mihi persuāsum est, persuāsum habeō$, I am convinced; $persuādźrī mihi nōn potest$, I cannot be persuaded; /noun/ ^persuāsiō^ ^impellere^ /Acpn/ ^ad^ /or/ ^in^ /Actg/, persuade, urge to; /nouns/ ^impulsiō, impulsus^ ^addūcere,^ induce, persuade /Acpn/ ^ad^ /or/ ^in suam sententiam perdūcere,^ win over ^monźre, admonźre, praemonźre,^ advise, admonish, warn; /nouns/ ^monitiō, admonitiō;^ ^monita,^ admonitions ^hortārī, adhortārī, cohortārī, incitāre, lacessere,^ exhort, urge; $adhortantis vōx$, words of encouragement; /nouns/ ^hortātiō, adhortātiō, cohortātiō, hortātor, adhortātor;^ ^incitātiō,^ inciting; ^incitāmentum,^ incentive ^īnstīgāre, īnstinguere,^ urge, incite; /noun/ ^īnstīnctus^ *41.62 dissuade, threaten* ^dissuādźre, dźhortārī,^ dissuade, advise against /Acpn/ ^dź sententiā movźre^ /or/ ^ā prōpositō flectere,^ dissuade ^praedīxit, nź id faceret,^ he warned him not to do it ^minārī, minitārī,^ threaten; ^minae,^ threats; $minās iactāre$, throw out threats; ^minātiō,^ threat; ^mināx,^ threatening ^impendere^ /Dpn or/ ^in^ /Acpn/ ^imminźre^ /Dpn/, threaten (of danger, etc.) ^dźnūntiāre,^ threaten, denounce ^mortem prōpōnere,^ threaten with death *41.71 praise* ^laus,^ praise; $laude afficere$, praise; $omnī laude cumulāre$, heap praises on; $laudibus in caelum ferre$ /or/ $(ad caelum) efferre, illūstrāre$, extol; $laudźs$ /Gpn/ $in astra tollere$, praise exceedingly; $laudem ex$ /Abtg/ $excipere$, get credit for; $summam$ /Dpn/ $laudem tribuere$, praise extremely ^laudāre,^ praise; ^collaudāre,^ praise very much, extol; /nouns/ ^laudātiō, collaudātiō,^ commendation, eulogy; ^laudātor,^ one who praises; /adj./ ^laudābilis,^ praiseworthy ^ōrnāre, celebrāre, praedicāre, ad caelum extollere,^ praise, extol, sound the praises of; /noun/ ^praedicātiō^ ^praecōnium^ /Dpn/ ^tribuere,^ eulogise ^assentārī,^ flatter; /nouns/ ^assentātiō, assentātor^ ^adūlārī,^ flatter, fawn upon; /nouns/ ^adūlātiō, adūlātor^ ^blandus,^ flattering; /verb/ ^blandīrī;^ /nouns/ ^blanditia, blandīmentum^ ^plaudere,^ applaud, approve; ^plausus,^ acclamation ^approbāre, probāre,^ approve, recommend; $tibi probātur$, it is approved by you; /nouns/ ^approbātiō, approbātor^ ^comprobāre,^ approve, assent to, sanction *41.72 blame, abuse* ^culpa,^ blame; /verb/ ^culpāre^ ^probrum,^ reproach, insult ^invehī in^ /Ac/, attack (in words) ^accūsāre, compellāre, incūsāre, increpāre, increpitāre, īnsectārī, reprehendere, īnsequī, obiūrgāre,^ blame, rebuke, censure, tax with; ^animadversiō, compellātiō, reprehźnsiō, īnsectātiō, obiūrgātiō,^ blame ^improbāre,^ disapprove, blame ^condemnāre^ /Acpn G/ fault, blame, e.g. $aliquem inertiae$ ^exagitāre^ /Actg Gpn/, attack, censure ^nihil tźcum dź hīs rźbus expostulō,^ I find no fault with you on this score; ^expostulātiō,^ complaint ^vituperāre,^ find fault with, censure, disparage; /nouns/ ^vituperātiō, vituperātor^ ^crīminārī,^ calumniate ^maledīcere,^ abuse, slander; ^maledicus,^ scurrilous, slanderous; ^maledicta^ /P/, abuse, slander; $tź malźdictīs onerō$, heap abuse on you ^dźtrahere,^ disparage ^fāmam^ /Gpn/ ^inquināre,^ besmirch a man's good name ^obtrectāre^ /D/, disparage, underrate; /nouns/ ^obtrectātiō, obtrectātor^ ^de^ /Gpn/ ^fāmā dźtrahere,^ disparage, impair the credit of ^obicere, obiectāre, exprobrāre^ /Actg Dpn/, taunt with, reproach; /nouns/ ^obiectātiō, exprobrātiō^ ^īnsultāre,^ taunt, abuse ^īnsimulāre^ /Acpn Gtg/, tax with (/espec. falsely/) ^hōc tibi vitiō vertō^ /or/ ^dō,^ impute this to you as a fault ^tź^ /Gtg/ ^damnō,^ censure you for ^notāre,^ censure, reprimand ^contumźlia,^ abuse, insult, invective; /Acpn/ $verbōrum contumźliīs lacerāre$, abuse violently; $aperīre$ /Acpn/ $contumźliīs$, overwhelm with abuse; ^contumźliōsus,^ abusive ^convīcium,^ abuse, reproach, censure *41.8 silence* ^silźre,^ be silent (make no noise); /noun/ ^silentium;^ $s.[ilentium] facere$, observe silence; /adv./ ^silentiō,^ in silence, silently ^tacźre, reticźre,^ be silent (not speak); /noun/ ^reticentia^ ^obmūtźscere,^ become dumb ^tacitus,^ silent; $mź tacitō$, if I say nothing ^mūtus,^ dumb, silent /Actg/ ^silentiō praeterīre,^ pass over in silence ^verba mź dźficiunt, ōrātiō mź dźficit,^ words fail me ^conticźscere,^ cease speaking, hold one's peace ^reticźre,^ be silent; /noun/ ^reticentia^ ^linguam continźre^ /or/ ^moderārī,^ keep silent *41.91 topic and digression* ^materia,^ subject-matter, topic ^argūmentum,^ subject, theme ^prōpositum, prōpositiō,^ theme; $ā prōpositō aberrāre$ /or/ $źgredī$, digress from the main point; $ad prōpositum redīre$ /or/ $revertī$, return to the m.[ain] p.[oint] ^quaestiō,^ subject of investigation ^dźgredī, dīgredī,^ digress; /noun/ ^dīgressiō^ ^ōrātiō longius excurrit,^ there is a long digression; ^excursiō, excursus,^ digression ^dźclīnātiō,^ digression ^redeāmus ad illud unde dźvertimus,^ let us take up our main point after the digression *41.92 interrupt, pause* ^interpellāre,^ interrupt; /noun/ ^interpellātiō^ ^interrumpere^ (e.g. $ōrātiōnem$), break off ^intervenīre^ /Dtg/, interrupt; /noun/ ^interventor^ ^intermittere,^ allow to intervene; $trīduō intermissō$, after an interval of three days; ^intermissiō,^ pause, interval ^intervāllum,^ interval, pause; $sine intervāllō$, uninterrupted *42.1 prose* ^verba^ /or/ ^ōrātiō solūta,^ prose ^narrātiō,^ narrative ^historia,^ narrative, tale, story; history ^apologus,^ story, fairy tale, fable ^fābula,^ story (fiction); ^fābella,^ short story ^narrātor,^ story-teller ^narrātor, historicus, rźrum scrīptor,^ historian ^rźs gestae,^ history; $r.[źs] g.[estae] Rōmānōrum$, Roman h.[istory] ^annāles,^ records ^fāstī,^ chronicle ^auctor,^ author (/espec./ historian) *42.2 verse* ^versus,^ verse, poetry ^carmen,^ poem; poetry ^poźma,^ poem, /P/, poetry; ^poźsis,^ poem, poetry; /adj./ ^poźticus^ ^ecloga,^ short poem, eclogue ^versus,^ line ^poźma compōnere, carmen condere,^ write a p.[oem] ^modus,^ rhythm, harmony ^numerus,^ rhythm, cadence ^poźta,^ poet; ^poźtria,^ poetess; ^fidicen^ (/poet./), (lyric) poet ^carmen^ /or/ ^poźma compōnere^ /or/ ^pangere,^ write verse ^ex tempore,^ on the spur of the moment ^afflātus (dīvīnus), permōtiō mentis dīvīna,^ inspiration ^furor,^ frenzy *42.3* ^lingua,^ language; $Gallicae linguae scientiam habźre$, know the language of Gaul ^sermō,^ language; $in Latīnō sermōne$, in Latin ^trāferre^ /or/ ^trānsferre,^ translate; $verba trālāta$, translated expressions; ^trā-^ /or/ ^trānslātiō,^ translation ^interpres,^ interpreter, translator; ^interpretārī,^ translate; /noun/ ^interpretātiō^ *43.1 true* ^vźrus,^ true; $vźra dīcit$, he is speaking the truth; $vźra et falsa$, truth and falsehood; ^vźritās,^ truth, truthfulness; $manźre in vźritāte$, adhere to the truth; ^vźridicus,^ truthful ^vźrź,^ truly, in fact ^rźvźrā,^ really ^vźritātis studiōsus,^ strictly truthful ^vźrāx,^ veracious ^locuplźs,^ worthy of credence, trustworthy ^rźctus,^ right, correct, proper, accurate ^rīte,^ fitly, rightly ^solidus, sincźrus,^ genuine, sound, real ^fāma, rumor, audītiō,^ report, rumour, hearsay; $levis audītiō$, unfounded report; $rumōrem spargere$ /or/ $dissipāre$, spread a report ^in sermōnem hominum venīre,^ get talked about ^rūmusculī^ /P/, idle talk, gossip ^ferunt^ /or/ ^fertur,^ men say, it is reported, there is a story *43.2 false* ^falsus,^ false, untrue, unreal, groundless; /adv./ ^falsō^ ^fictus, mentītus^ (/poet./), ^fūcātus, fūcōsus,^ spurious, false, fictitious, counterfeit; ^fictum,^ fiction, deception ^mentīrī,^ lie, deceive; ^mendāx,^ untruthful, /as noun/ liar; ^mendācium,^ lie, falsehood; $dīcere m.[endācium]$, tell a lie ^źmentīrī,^ feign, allege falsely, fabricate ^ā vźritāte dźflectere,^ depart from the truth ^commentus, commentīcius,^ invented, fictitious; ^commentum,^ fiction, lie ^calumnia,^ false statement, misrepresentation; ^calumniārī,^ misrepresent, blame unjustly ^dźtorquźre,^ misrepresent ^in errōrem indūcere,^ mislead ^dźcipere,^ deceive ^fūcus,^ pretence ^suprālātiō, trāiectiō,^ exaggeration QV: error, 40.42 QV: fraud, 47.4 *43.3 proof* ^experīrī, perīclitārī,^ make trial of, put to the test; ^experīmentum,^ proof; ^perīculum,^ trial, proof; /Gpn/ $fideī p.[erīculum] facere$, test one's good faith ^indicium,^ token, proof ^argūmentum,^ proof, evidence; $a.[rgūmentum] petere$, seek; $afferre$ /or/ $prōmere$, adduce, bring forward; $sūmere$, get; $cōnfīrmāre$, corroborate; ^argūmentārī,^ prove, adduce as proof ^testimōnium,^ evidence ^probāre, approbāre,^ prove, demonstrate; /noun/ ^approbātiō^ ^convincere^ (e.g. $errōres$ /Gpn/), demonstrate ^źvidźns,^ manifest, obvious +44 EMOTIONS+ *44.0* ^flagrāre, īnflammārī, ārdźre,^ glow, be stirred, e.g. $dźsīderiō, amōre, odiō$ ^exagitāre, excitāre, incendere, perciźre, permovźre,^ rouse, stimulate, stir up, excite; /nouns/ ^incendium,^ e.g. $invidiae$; ^permōtiō,^ excitement, emotion ^(animum) movźre, commovźre,^ touch (the heart), make an impression; ^afficere^ ($dolōre$, etc.), affect; ^affectus,^ mood, state of mind ^commōtus,^ excited, aroused; ^commōtiō,^ excitement ^animum exsuscitāre,^ excite ^afferre^ ($dolōrem, spem$, etc.), cause ^źlātiō,^ transport ^fervor animī, ārdor,^ ardour, passion; ^fervźns, fervidus,^ inflamed, passionate ^flamma,^ passion, e.g. $amōris, invidiae$ ^movźrī,^ be touched, e.g. $lacrimīs$; ^mōtus,^ emotion, passion ^stimulus,^ torment, incitement; ^stimulāre,^ goad, spur on, incite ^cruciāre, discruciāre, excruciāre, exedere, torquźre,^ torment, torture; ^cruciātus, tormentum,^ torture, anguish ^tābźscere^ (e.g. $dźsīderiō, dolōre$), be consumed ^pellere,^ affect, impress ^percutere, perturbāre,^ affect deeply, make an impression on; /noun/ ^perturbātiō^ ^incumbere^ (e.g. $in aliquod studium, in cupiditātem$), incline to, devote oneself to ^prōnus, prōpźnsus ad^ /Actg/, inclined to ^prōpendźre ad^ /Actg/, be inclined to ... endure, suffer ... ^ferre, perferre, sufferre,^ endure, bear ^patī,^ bear, endure; $aequō animō p.[atī]$, bear calmly, with equanimity or resignation; ^patientia,^ patience ^perpetī,^ endure, bear steadfastly; ^perpessiō,^ endurance ^sustinźre^ (e.g. $vim hostium$), endure, withstand ^tolerāre,^ bear, endure, put up with ^intolerābilis, intolerandus,^ unbearable ... allay, assuage, relieve, soothe ... ^lźnīre, mītigāre,^ mitigate, assuage, soothe, appease ^cohibźre,^ repress, hold in check ^subvenīre^ /with D/, relieve, remedy ^exhaurīre^ /Dpn/ ^dolōrem,^ relieve one of sorrow ^eximere^ /Dpn/ ^cūrās,^ rid one of cares ^temperāre,^ moderate, soothe ^mulcźre, permulcźre,^ soothe ^źrigere,^ cheer up ^cōnsōlārī, levāre, relevāre, sublevāre, sōlārī^ (/plp./), comfort, relieve; ^cōnsōlātiō,^ consolation; ^sōlācium,^ what brings consolation; $hōc māgnō est sōlāciō$, is a great consolation; $hōc sōlāciō ūtor$, this comforts me ^dolōris fōmentum,^ alleviation of pain, sorrow ^levāmen, levāmentum,^ comfort, alleviation ^resīdere,^ abate, subside (e.g. $tumor animī resźdit$) *44.1 joy, satisfaction* ^gaudium,^ (inward) joy; /P/, signs of joy; ^gaudźre,^ rejoice; $in sinū g.[audźre]$, keep one's joy to oneself ^triumphāre,^ rejoice ^dźlectāre, oblectāre,^ delight, give pleasure; /noun/ ^dźlectātiō, oblectāmentum, oblectātiō^ ^dźliciae,^ cause of delight ^iuvat^ (/perf./ ^iūvit^) ^mź, cordī est mihi,^ it pleases me ^fruī^ /Abtg/, enjoy; ^perfruī,^ enjoy thoroughly ^libenter,^ gladly ^gestīre,^ rejoice, exult ^laetus,^ glad, joyous; /noun/ ^laetitia,^ (manifested) joy; $laetitiā efferrī$, be transported with j.[oy]; $laetitiam dare$ /Dpn/, gladden; $percipere laetitiam ex$ /Abtg/, get j.[oy] from; ^laetārī^ /Ab or/ ^dź^ /Ab/, rejoice in ^exsultāre,^ rejoice, exult; /noun/ ^exsultātiō^ ^in caelō esse,^ be very happy ^festīvus,^ lively, gay, joyous, merry ^alacer,^ glad; /noun/ ^alacritās^ ^hilaris,^ cheerful, merry; /noun/ ^hilaritās;^ /verbs/ ^hilarāre, exhilarāre^ ^lascīvus,^ frolicsome; ^lascīvia,^ playfulness ^bonō animō esse,^ be of good cheer ^voluptās,^ pleasure; $voluptātem percipere$, feel p.[leasure]; $voluptātibus fruī, voluptātźs haurīre$, enjoy, indulge in p.[leasures]; $tōtum sź voluptātibus trādere$, give oneself entirely to p.[leasures]; ^homō voluptārius,^ voluptuary ^grātus,^ pleasing, agreeable ^placźre,^ please; $hōc mihi placet$, I like this ^beātus, fźlīx,^ happy; $vīta beāta$, happiness; /nouns/ ^beātitās, beātitūdō, fźlīcitās^ ... ... ^satisfacere,^ satisfy; /noun/ ^satisfactiō^ ^probāre,^ be satisfied with, approve; $sź$ /Dpn/ $p.[robāre]$, make oneself acceptable to ^illud satis habeō dīcere,^ am satisfied to say this ^contentus,^ content; $suā sorte c.[ontentus]$, satisfied with his lot ^tranquillus,^ unruffled; /noun/ ^tranquillitās^ ^placidus, plācātus, sźdātus,^ calm, peaceful; ^sźdāre,^ allay, calm ^sźcūrus,^ free from care, untroubled; /noun/ ^sźcūritās^ ^lźnis,^ gentle, calm; /noun/ ^lźnitās^ ^mītis,^ calm, placid ^īram pōnere^ /or/ ^īrae moderārī,^ cease to be angry *44.2 sorrow, anger* ^sźrius,^ grave, serious ^dolor,^ sorrow, distress, ache, suffering; $stimulī dolōris$, pangs; $dolōre permōtus$, moved by grief; $hīc mź d. tangit$, this grieves me; $dolōrem haurīre$, suffer pain; $dolōrem cōnsōlandō levāre$, soothe the sorrowing; $dolōrī indulgźre$, give way to distress; $dolōribus premī, angī, frangī$, be crushed by grief; $dolōre prīvāre$, free from sorrow; ^dolźre,^ be sad ^lūctus,^ affliction, mourning; $lūctum haurīre$, be afflicted; ^lūctuōsus,^ mournful, pitiable; ^lūctificus,^ causing sorrow; ^lūgźre,^ mourn ^aerumna,^ trouble, affliction ^aeger animī,^ distress; /noun/ ^aegritūdō,^ grief, sorrow ^multa mź angunt,^ I am much distressed; /noun/ ^angor;^ /adj./ ^ānxius,^ /whence/ ^ānxietās, ānxitūdō^ ^vexāre,^ distress, worry; /nouns/ ^vexātiō, vexātor^ ^stimulāre,^ vex, disturb; ^stimulus,^ torment, pang ^trīstis,^ sad; /noun/ ^trīstitia^ ^maestus,^ sad; /nouns/ ^maeror, maestitia;^ $in maerōre iacźre$, be in deep sorrow; $in mediō maerōre$, in the depths of sorrow; /verb/ ^maerźre^ ^animum contrahere^ /or/ ^dźmittere,^ lose heart ^afflīctus,^ dejected, desponding ^(animus) abiectus, dźmissus, oppressus,^ dejected, depressed; /noun/ ^abiectiō^ ^īnfrāctiō, contractiō^ /or/ ^dźmissiō animī,^ depression ^flźre,^ weep, bewail; /noun/ ^flźtus;^ /adj./ ^flźbilis,^ lamentable, tearful ^lacrimāre, lacrimās profundere^ /or/ ^effundere,^ weep ^collacrimāre, illacrimāre,^ weep at or over, lament ^plōrāre, complōrāre, dźplōrāre, lāmentārī, dźflźre,^ wail, lament, regret, deplore; /nouns/ ^plōrātus, lāmenta^ (/P/), ^lāmentātiō;^ /adj./ ^lāmentābilis,^ lamenting, full of sorrow ^gemere,^ wail ^plangor,^ wailing, lamentation ^querī, conquerī,^ bewail, complain of; ^querźla, querimōnia, questiō, questus, conquestiō,^ lament, complaint ^dźsīderāre,^ miss; /noun/ ^dźsīderium,^ grief (at loss) ^singultus,^ sobbing; /verb/ ^singultāre^ ^ingrātus,^ unpleasant, disagreeable, distasteful ^displicźre,^ displease ^miser,^ wretched; ^miseria,^ unhappiness; $miseriārum incendia$, a sea of evils ^īnfźlīx,^ unhappy ... ... ^īra,^ anger; $īrae indulgźre$, give way to anger; $illud mź īrā affźcit$, it made me angry ^īrācundia,^ hasty temper, rage; $īrācundiam cohibźre$, restrain temper ^īrāscī,^ grow angry; ^īrātus, īrā incźnsus^ /or/ ^commōtus, īrācundus,^ angry, irritable; ^īrācundia,^ hastiness of temper, wrath, passion; $īrācundiā permōtus$, moved by anger; $ad īrācundiam addūcere, īrā afficere$ /Acpn/, make angry ^suscźnsźre,^ be angry, cherish anger, be inflamed with wrath ^graviter (aegrź, molestź) ferre,^ resent, be annoyed ^offźnsiōnem afferre,^ be vexatious, annoying ^irrītāre, lacessere, prōvocāre,^ make angry, exasperate, harass; /noun/ ^irrītātiō^ /Acpn/ ^sermōnibus prōvocāre,^ exasperate /Dpn/ ^stomachum facere^ /or/ ^movźre,^ annoy, irritate; ^stomachārī,^ be angry or peevish; ^stomachōsus,^ peevish, irritable ^bīlem commovet,^ it rouses anger ^molestus,^ troublesome, annoying; ^molestia,^ annoyance, vexation, disgust; $sine molestiā tuā$, without trouble to yourself ^dolor,^ resentment, indignation ^indīgnārī,^ be angry, displeased, indignant; /noun/ ^indīgnātiō^ *44.3 love, admiration, wonder, pity, kindness* ^amor,^ love; $amōrī amōre respondźre$, return love; ^amāre,^ love; ^ādamāre,^ grow fond of, love deeply; /adjs./ ^amāns, amābilis^ ^pius,^ affectionate, loyal; /noun/ ^pietās^ ^meī studiōsus,^ devoted to me ^fovźre,^ cherish ^indulgźre^ /Dpn/, be kind, indulgent to; /noun/ ^indulgentia^ ^dīligere,^ esteem, regard ^cārus,^ beloved, dear; ^cāritās,^ regard, affection ^grātia,^ regard, friendship; $apud$ /Acpn/ $grātiam inīre$, win one's favour; $grātiās acquīrere$, win favour; ^amōrem sibi conciliāre,^ win affection ^voluntās ergā^ /Acpn/, affection, regard for ^grātulārī,^ congratulate; /noun/ ^grātulātiō^ ^verźrī, reverźrī,^ revere, esteem ^observāre,^ respect, esteem; /noun/ ^observantia^ /Acpn/ ^plūris facere, habźre, dūcere, aestimāre^ /or/ ^putāre,^ esteem more highly ^plūrimum^ /Dpn/ ^tribuere,^ think very highly of ^tź honōre^ /or/ ^in honōre habeō, tź honōre afficiō^ /or/ ^augeō, tź in honōrem addūcō,^ honour you, do you honour ^honōre apud^ /Acpn/ ^esse,^ be honoured by ^honōrātus,^ honoured, honourable ^honestāre,^ honour ... ... ^mīrārī, admīrārī,^ admire, wonder at; /nouns/ ^admīrātiō,^ admiration, wonder; $admīrātiōnem mihi movźs$, I wonder, am surprised at you; ^mīrāculum,^ marvel, wonder; $esse mīrāculō$, excite wonder ^mīrus, mīrābilis, mīrificus, admīrābilis,^ wonderful, astonishing, marvellous; $mīrum in modum$, wonderfully ^obstupźscere,^ be amazed; ^stupor,^ stupefaction, amazement; ^stupefacere,^ numb, stun ^ostentum,^ prodigy, portent ^suspicere^ (e.g. $źloquentiam$ /Gpn/), admire ... ... ^misereor, miseror, mź miseret,^ I pity; /noun/ ^miserātiō;^ ^misericors,^ tender-hearted, pitiful; /noun/ ^misericordia;^ $misericordiā frangī$, be moved by pity; ^miserābilis,^ pitiable ^beneficium offerre^ /Dpn/, ^benevolentiā^ /Acpn/ ^augźre,^ show kindness to ^īnservīre, servīre^ /Dpn/, be at one's service, attached to ^dźvincīre^ (e.g. $benevolentiā$), ^obstringere^ (e.g. $donīs$) /Acpn/, oblige, lay under an obligation /Acpn/ ^sibi obligāre^ (e.g. $līberālitāte$), bind someone to oneself *44.4 hatred, contempt, scorn* ^odium,^ hatred, aversion, dislike, grudge; $odiō esse$ /Dpn/, be hated by; /verb/ ^ōdī;^ /adj./ ^odiōsus,^ offensive, hateful ^invidia,^ malice, hatred; $invidiam habeo$, am hated; $invidiā flagrō apud vōs$, am an object of unpopularity with you, am detested; ^invidźre,^ take a dislike to; ^invīsus,^ hated; ^invidiōsus,^ unpopular, disliked ^malevolus,^ ill-disposed, spiteful; /noun/ ^malevolentia^ ^malitia,^ ill-will, spite (underhand) ^respuere,^ reject, dislike ^offźnsus est mihi,^ he is offensive to me, I object to him ^āspernārī,^ spurn (aversion) ^contemptiō,^ /late/ ^contemptus,^ contempt; $in contemptiōnem venīre$, be despised; $contemptuī esse$ /or/ $habźre$, despise ^contemnere,^ disdain (as causing no fear); ^dźspicere,^ disdain (as having no value); $haud contemnendus$, far from contemptible; /noun/ ^dźspicientia^ ^dźspicātus,^ contemptible; /nouns/ ^dźspicātiō, dźspicātus,^ contempt ^spernere, indīgnārī, repudiāre, rźicere,^ scorn, disdain ^mź piget,^ I dislike, loathe ^irrīdźre, źlūdere, illūdere, cavillārī,^ ridicule, mock, make fun of; /nouns/ ^irrīsiō, irrīsus, illūsiō, cavillātiō,^ mockery; ^irrīsor, cavillātor,^ mocker ^dźrīdźre,^ deride ^lūdere^ /Acpn/, banter; ^lūdibrium,^ butt, laughing-stock *44.5 wish, desire* ^velle,^ wish, care to; ^pervelle,^ desire greatly; ^voluntās,^ will, wish, desire ^optāre, cupīre,^ wish, desire; /nouns/ ^cupīdō, cupiditās,^ /both used in good and bad sense/; $cupidāte incźnsus$, aflame with passion; $cupiditātźs coercźre$, subdue one's passions ^optātum,^ wish ^concupīscere^ /Actg/ ^ad īnsāniam,^ be madly desirous of ^cupidus,^ eager, passionate ^exoptāre, dźsīderāre, gestīre,^ wish earnestly, long for; /nouns/ ^dźsīderium, dźsīderātiō;^ $dźsīderiō incźnsus$, burning with desire ^libīdō,^ desire, longing, caprice, wilfulness, passion, lust; $libīdine ferrī$, be carried away by passion; /adj./ ^libīdinōsus^ ^licentia,^ licentiousness ^appetźns,^ craving for; /noun/ ^appetītiō^ ^impetus,^ eager desire, e.g. $dīcendī$ ^avidus,^ longing eagerly for, desirous; /noun/ ^aviditās^ ^utinam!^, if only! ^peroptātō,^ greatly to one's wish *44.6 be unwilling, prefer, shrink from, envy, curse* ^nōlle, recūsāre,^ be unwilling, reluctant; /noun/ ^recūsātiō^ ^mź invītō,^ against my will ^ingrātiīs,^ against one's will ^mālle,^ prefer /Acpn Dpn/ ^praepōnere, antepōnere, praeferre, anteferre, praevertere, antevertere, praeoptāre,^ prefer ^potius,^ rather; ^potissimum,^ in preference to all ^fugere, subterfugere, vītāre,^ avoid, shun; /noun/ ^vītātiō^ ^abhorrźre,^ shrink from, detest ^offendere,^ revolt ^fastīdīre,^ shrink from, loathe; ^fastīdium^ (/or/ ^satietātem^) ^parere,^ disgust; /adj./ ^fastīdiōsus,^ fastidious ^taedet,^ it disgusts; /noun/ ^taedium;^ $afferre t.[aedium]$ /Dpn/, disgust; $t.[aedium] patī$, be disgusted ^invidźre,^ envy; $invidiam subīre$, incur envy; /nouns/ ^invidia,^ envy; ^invidentia,^ envying; /adjs./ ^invidus, invidiōsus,^ envious ^malīgnus, līvidus,^ envious ^dźtestārī^ (e.g. $omnibus precibus$) /Acpn/, curse, execrate ^exsecrārī, male^ /or/ ^mala precārī,^ curse; /noun/ ^exsecrātiō;^ /adj./ ^exsecrābilis^ ^precźs^ /P/, curse ^sacer,^ accursed *44.7 hope, confidence* ^spźs,^ expectation, hope, prospect(s); /verb/ ^spźrāre;^ $bene, rźctź s.[perāre]$, look forward to ^fidźs, fidūcia, cōnfīdentia,^ confidence ^fīdere, cōnfīdere,^ trust ^fidem tibi habeō,^ place reliance on you QV: bold, timid, see 38.4 *44.8* ^verźrī, reverźrī,^ stand in awe of, fear; /noun/ ^reverentia,^ awe ^timor,^ fear; $hōc timōre$, through fear of this; $timōre afficere$, frighten; $timor incźdit animō$, I am frightened; $timōre oppressus$, weighed down with anxiety; $sź ex māgnō timōre recreāre$, recover from a great fright; /adj./ ^timidus,^ frightened, faint-hearted; /verbs/ ^timźre, pertimźscere,^ take alarm, be afraid of; ^extimźscere,^ fear greatly ^metus,^ dread; $abiectus metū$, desperate; $in metum tź addūcō$, inspire you with fear; $metū frangī$, be overcome by fear; /verb/ ^metuere;^ ^metuendus,^ formidable ^metum^ /Dpn/ ^levāre,^ relieve from fear; $ā metū respīrāre$, recover from fear ^pavźre,^ be terrified, in a panic; /noun/ ^pavor,^ dread, alarm, panic; $pavōre perculsus$, dismayed; /adj./ ^pavidus,^ terrified ^exhorrźscere, inhorrźscere,^ shudder, be horrified ^formīdō,^ fear; /verb/ ^formīdāre;^ /adj./ ^formīdolōsus,^ terrible; timid (/rare/) ^reformīdāre,^ shrink back from, dread; /noun/ ^reformīdātiō^ ^terror,^ terror; $terrōrźs$, bugbears; $terrōrem inicere, offerre$, strike terror in; $incidit t.[error] exercituī$, panic seized the army; $terrōrem īnferre$ /Dpn/, terrify; /adj./ ^perterritus,^ dismayed, panic-stricken ^terrźre, conterrźre, exterrźre, proterrźre, territāre,^ terrify ^absterrźre,^ frighten away, deter ^terribilis, tremendus,^ dreadful, terrible ($terrōrem, formīdinem$, /etc./) ^incutere,^ inspire, excite fear, fill with panic, etc. ^excīre,^ frighten, e.g. $ex somnō$ ^trepidus,^ alarmed, agitated; /verb/ ^trepidāre;^ /noun/ ^trepidātiō^ ^obstupefactus,^ aghast ^tremere, contremīscere,^ tremble; /noun/ ^tremor^ ^horrźre,^ tremble at, be afraid of; ^horrźscere,^ tremble, shudder; ^perhorrźscere,^ have a great horror of, be horrified at; /noun/ ^horror;^ /adj./ ^horribilis,^ frightful ^atrōx,^ horrible; /noun/ ^atrōcitās^ ^dźspźrāre,^ despair, give up hope; $dź summā rźrum dźspźrāre$, despair wholly; $salūte dźspźrātā, rźbus dźspźrātīs$, in despair; /noun/ ^dźspźrātīō;^ $ad dźspźrātiōnem pervenīre$, become desperate ^animum contrahere^ /or/ ^dźmittere,^ lose heart; /nouns/ ^contractiō^ /or/ ^dźmissiō animī^ ^percellere,^ discourage, daunt ^sollicitūdō,^ anxiety; $animum sollicitūdine exonerāre$, relieve from anxiety; ^sollicitus,^ anxious, agitated; ^sollicitāre,^ cause fear, harass ^suspendere,^ keep in suspense; /adj./ ^suspźnsus,^ anxious, in suspense ^suspicārī,^ suspect; /noun/ ^suspīciō;^ $in suspīciōnem$ (e.g. $avāritiae$) $venīre, cadere$, be suspected of; /adj./ ^suspīciōsus,^ feeling or raising suspicion +45 LAW+ *45.1* ^īus,^ law, justice; $iūs cīvīle$, common law; $iūs gentium$, law of nature; $iūs fāsque$, law of God and man ^iūre,^ rightfully ^iūstitia,^ justice ^iūstus,^ just, lawful ^aequus,^ fair, impartial ^iniūstus, inīquus,^ unjust, unfair ^senātūscōnsultum,^ decree of senate ^lźx,^ law, enactment of Comitia Centūriāta; $quī lźgźs condit$, law-giver ^lźgitimus,^ lawful, legal ^prīvilźgium,^ law in favour of, or directed against, an individual ^rogātiō,^ bill; /verb/ ^rogāre,^ propose; $rogātiōnem prōmulgāre$, publish; $ r.[ogātiōnem] accipere$ /or/ $iubźre$, ratify, accept (a bill); $r.[ogātiōnem] antīquāre$, reject; $r.[ogātiōnem] suādźre$, support; $rogātiōnī intercźdere$, oppose b.[ill] ^abrogāre, rescindere lźgem,^ repeal law; /noun/ ^abrogātiō^ ^ex lźge aliquid dźrogāre,^ repeal law in part; /noun/ ^dźrogātiō^ ^obrogāre lźgī,^ (partly) repeal a law (by a new one); /noun/ ^obrogātiō^ ^plźbiscītum,^ decision of Comitia Tribūta, ordinance; ^scīscere,^ decree, ordain, enact (of the people) ^źdictum,^ edict of magistrate; ^źdīcere,^ decree, ordain, give official notice *45.2 judge, jury* ^praetor,^ presiding judge ^iūdex,^ judge, juror; $i.[ūdex] iūstus$, just j.; $i.[ūdex] cupidus$, partial, unjust j.; $citāre iūdicem$, summon j. ^arbiter,^ arbitrator, judge; $a.[rbiter] honōrārius$, arbitrator chosen by parties, not by judge; ^arbitrium,^ decision of arbitrator ^iūs reddere,^ dispense, administer justice ^iūdicāre,^ judge; $i.[ūdicare] sine cupiditāte$, j.[udge] impartially; $rź nōndum iūdicātā$, pending the decision of the judge ^īnflectere iūs grātiā,^ pervert justice ^tribūnal,^ judgement-seat ^subsellium,^ bench of judge, court ^iūdicium,^ trial ^iūdicium^ /or/ ^iūdīcźs dare,^ grant a trial (/of praetor who proposed judges/) ^iūstitium,^ suspension of legal business *45.3 plaintiff, defendant* ^āctor, is quī petit,^ plaintiff; ^petītor,^ in private cases; ^accūsātor,^ espec. in state offence, also generally ^sacrāmentum,^ civil suit ^causam agere,^ plead a case; ^causam ōrāre, dīcere,^ plead one's cause, address the court ^arcessere, sistere, citāre, in iūs^ /or/ ^ad iūdicium vocāre,^ /or/ ^in iūdicium addūcere^ /or/ ^dźdūcere,^ summon, arraign, prosecute /Acpn/ ^in iūdicium prōdūcere,^ bring before the court /Acpn/ ^lźge interrogāre,^ bring an action against ^reus,^ defendant, prisoner, culprit; /Acpn/ $reum facere$ /or/ $agere$, put on trial ^is unde^ /or/ ^ā quō petitur,^ defendant ^nōmen^ /Gpn/ ^dźferre,^ indict, impeach, put on trial ^crīmen,^ accusation; $in crīmen venīre$ /G/, $in crīmine$ /G/ $esse$, be charged with ^dź pecūniīs repetundīs^ /Acpn/ ^postulāre,^ bring a charge of extortion against *45.4 lawsuit* ^quaestiō,^ inquiry; $quaestiōnem dź$ /Ab/ $habźre$ /or/ $īnstituere$, hold an inquiry about; $quaestiōnī praeesse$, conduct a trial (of judge) ^causa,^ lawsuit, legal process; $indictā causā$, without going to court; $c.[ausa] integra$, not settled ^līs,^ lawsuit; ^lītigāre,^ dispute, sue at law; ^lītigiōsus,^ contentious; in dispute ^dica,^ lawsuit; $dicam scrībere$ /Dpn/, bring an action against ^diem dīcere,^ fix a day ^vas,^ bail, surety; $vadźs poscere$, ask for b.[ail]; $vadem dare$, give s.[urety]; $vadem accipere$, accept s.[urety]; $sź dare vadem prō$ /Ab/, go bail for; $vadem dźserere$, forfeit one's b.[ail] ^vadimōnium,^ bail, security; $v.[adimōnium] sistere$ /or/ $ad v.[adimōnium] venīre$, present oneself in court ^vadārī,^ bind over by bail (to appear in court) ^fīdūciam committere^ /Dpn/, give a pledge ^praes,^ surety (in money matters) ^spondźre,^ become security; ^spōnsus,^ security, bail; ^spōnsiō,^ promise, guarantee; ^spōnsor,^ surety ^prō^ /Abpn/^ intercźdere,^ go surety for ^cautiō,^ bond, bail ^pīgnus,^ pledge, security; /verb/ ^pīgnerāre,^ give as a pledge ^accūsāre,^ accuse, indict; $fūrtī eum accūsat$, he charges him with theft ^arguere^ (/Acpn/ $sceleris, crīmine, dź crīmine$), accuse ^dźlātor,^ accuser, informer ^index,^ informer ^cōnsultus,^ lawyer ^patrōnus,^ advocate ^rabula,^ raucous advocate ^advocāre,^ call in (as consultant); ^advocātus,^ legal assistant; /later/, advocate, attorney; ^advocātiō,^ legal assistance, counsel, the bar ^causam dźfendere,^ make a defence (of oneself or another) ^arbiter, auctor, testis,^ witness; $testźs exhibźre$, produce; $Mārcum testem prōdūcere$ /or/ $prōferre$, put M.[arcus] in the witness box; $t.[estis] mercźnnārius$, bribed w.[itness]; $falsum testem subōrnāre$, suborn a false witness; /verbs/ ^testārī,^ call upon as witness, bear witness; ^antestārī,^ call as witness ^testimōnium,^ evidence; $t.[estimōnium] dīcere$, give e.[vidence] ^testificārī,^ testify; /noun/ ^testificātiō^ ^indicium,^ deposition, proof, evidence *45.5 voting, decision* ^tabella,^ tablet (/with/ A=^absolvō^, C=^condemnō^, NL=^nōn liquet^) ^urna,^ voting urn ^sententia,^ decision, verdict ^iūdicium,^ decision of court ^iūs dīcere, prōnūntiāre,^ pronounce judgment ^causam obtinźre,^ win; $c.[ausam] perdere$, lose ^prōvocāre ad^ /Ac/, make an appeal (to a higher court); /noun/ ^prōvocātiō^ ^līberātiō,^ acquittal QV: guilt, punishment, 47 ^iūrāre,^ swear; ^iūsiūrandum,^ oath; $i.[ūsiūrandum] iūrāre$, swear; $i.[ūsiūrandum] accipere$, be sworn; $i.[ūsiūrandum] cōnservāre$, keep oath; $i.[ūsiūrandum] violāre$, break oath; $iūreiūrandō stāre$, abide by oath; $iūreiūrandō astringere$ /or/ $obstringere$, bind by an oath, /with/ $sź$=vow, swear; $iūreiūrandō dźvīnctus$, bound by an oath; $ad i.[ūsiūrandum]$ /Acpn/ $adigere$, put on oath ^adiūrāre,^ confirm on oath ^abiūrāre,^ deny on oath ^perīurium, laesa fidźs, nūllum iūsiūrandum,^ false oath, perjury; ^pźierāre^ /or/ ^falsum iūrāre,^ perjure oneself ^lītem redimere,^ come to terms (of opposing parties) +46 DANGER, PROTECTION, HELP+ *46.1 danger* ^perīculum,^ danger ^discrīmen,^ critical situation, crisis, turning-point; risk, danger; $rem in extrźmum d.[iscrīmen] addūcere$ /or/ $dźdūcere$, risk all; $rźs est in summō discrīmine$, the situation is desperate ^rźs est in angustō,^ the situation is critical ^in extrźmīs suīs rźbus,^ in the greatest danger ^perīculōsus,^ /late/ ^anceps,^ dangerous ^perīclitārī,^ risk, e.g. $salūtem rźipūblicae$; /also/ be in danger ^omnia profundere,^ stake all ^via lūbrica,^ dangerous path *46.2 safety* ^cavźre,^ beware; $cavź canem$; $tibi caveō$, am careful for your safety ^praecavźre,^ guard against ^źvītāre, dźvītāre,^ avoid; /noun/ ^dźvītātiō^ ^effugere, źvādere,^ escape; ^effugium,^ means of escape ^perfugium, receptāculum, receptus, respectus, refugium,^ shelter, refuge; $habźre receptum ad$ /Acpn/, be able to take shelter with ^cōnfugere^ /or/ ^refugere ad^ /Acpn/, flee for refuge to, take refuge with ^ad meam fidem cōnfugiunt,^ they flee to me for protection ^salūs,^ safety; $tibi salūtem afferō$, save you; $salūtī meae diffīdo$, fear for my safety; $salūtem fugā petere$, effect one's escape ^tūtus^ (e.g. $ab hostibus$), ^salvus,^ safe; $tź salvum volō$, wish for your safety ^incolumis, intāctus, integer,^ safe and sound, uninjured ^integellus,^ fairly intact ^inviolātus,^ unharmed, inviolate ^in portū esse,^ be in safety ^tūtō,^ safely ^nūllō meō perīculō,^ without danger to me *46.3 help* ^auxilium,^ help; $petere a.[uxilium]$, seek h.[elp]; $a.[uxilium] tibi ferō, auxiliō tibi sum$, help you; $auxiliō venīre$, come to assistance; /verb/ ^auxiliārī^ ^appellō tź,^ appeal to you for help ^iuvāre, adiuvāre, fulcīre^ /Acpn/, ^subvenīre^ /Dpn/, help ^adiūtor, administer,^ helper, assistant ^manūs^ /Dpn or/ ^ad^ /Acpn/ ^tendere,^ implore help ^praestō esse,^ attend upon, serve, aid /Dpn/ ^adesse,^ help (/espec. as/ advocātus) ^opem petere ab^ /Abpn/, seek help; ^opem ferre^ /Dpn/, bring assistance ^opitulārī^ /Dpn/, help ^succurrere,^ hasten to help ^subsidiō venīre^ /or/ ^proficīsci,^ go to aid ^subsidium submittere, subsidiō mittere,^ send to the aid ^sublevāre,^ support, sustain ^(animum) cōnfirmāre,^ sustain, encourage; /noun/ ^cōnfīrmātiō^ ^operā tuā,^ by your aid *46.4 protection, defence* ^tuźrī, tūtārī, cūstōdīre, praesidźre^ /D/, guard ^cūstōs,^ guardian, protector ^vindex,^ protector, deliverer; ^vindicāre,^ defend, protect, deliver ^tuitiō, praesidium, tūtźla,^ protection ^prōpūgnāculum,^ bulwark, defence ^cūstōdia,^ watch ^tegere, obtegere, prōtegere,^ protect ^fidem^ /Gpn/ ^sequī^ /or/ ^in fidź^ /Gpn/ ^esse,^ be under the protection of /Acpn/ ^in fidem recipere,^ afford protection to ^arcźre, prohibźre,^ keep off ^sź mūnīre contrā^ /Actg/, secure oneself against ^servāre, cōnservāre,^ preserve, save; ^cōnservātor, servātor,^ saviour; ^cōnservātiō,^ preservation ^dźfendere,^ defend; /nouns/ ^dźfensiō,^ defence; ^dźfźnsor,^ defender ^ā morte źripere,^ save one's life *46.5 hindrance* ^obstruere, obesse^ /Dpn/, ^interpellāre, prohibźre^ /Ab or/ ^ab^ /Ab/, impede, obstruct, hinder ^adversārī,^ oppose; /adj. and noun/ ^adversārius^ ^impedīre, praepedīre, obstāre, obsistere, officere, praevertere,^ thwart, hinder, oppose, stand in someone's way; /noun/ ^impedīmentum^ ^interclūdere^ (e.g. $viam$ /Dpn/), cut off, bar ^deterrźre,^ deter, discourage, prevent, hinder *46.6* ^ūtī,^ use ^ūtilis,^ helpful, useful; /noun/ ^ūtilitās^ ^prōdesse,^ be of use or advantage, benefit, profit ^salūtāris, salūber^ /or/ ^salūbris,^ serviceable, beneficial ... ... ^inūtilis,^ useless ^inānis,^ useless, unprofitable; /noun/ ^inānitās^ ^futtilis,^ vain, worthless; /noun/ ^futtilitās^ ^frūstrā, nźquīquam,^ in vain +47 GUILT, PUNISHMENT+ *47.1 crime, wrongdoing* ^facinus,^ misdeed, outrage, crime; $f.[acinus] committere$ /or/ $facere$, commit a crime ^scelus,^ crime, wickedness, sin; $s.[celus] excōgitāre, concipere$, plan a crime; $s.[celus] suscipere, facere, committere$ /or/ $źdere$, commit a crime; $ad scelus impellere$, urge to crime ^commissum,^ crime ^capital, rźs capitālis,^ capital crime ^nefās,^ wickedness; $n.[efās] est$, it is forbidden ^nźquitia,^ worthlessness, vileness, wickedness ^turpitūdō,^ vileness ^foeditās,^ shamefulness ^flāgitium,^ shameful act, atrocity; $f.[lāgitium] facere$ /or/ $committere$ ^impūritās,^ shamefulness ^maleficium, malefactum,^ evil deed ^culpa,^ fault, crime, blame; $in culpā esse$, be guilty, culpable; $extrā culpam$, free from blame ^noxa, dźlictum,^ transgression, injury, wrong, offence, crime ^noxia,^ guilt ^obnoxius,^ guilty, liable to punishment ^peccātum,^ sin ^nocźre, laedere,^ injure ^iniūria,^ wrong, injury; $iniūriam facere, impōnere, īnferre$ /D/, wrong; $iniūriam persequī, ulcīscī$, punish, avenge ^damnum,^ injury, harm, damage ^patī,^ suffer *47.2 criminal, wicked* ^malus,^ evil ^facinorōsus,^ criminal, vicious ^improbus, impudźns, impudīcus,^ wicked, shameless; /nouns/ ^improbitās, impudentia, impudīcitia^ ^scelestus, scelerātus, cōnscelerātus,^ wicked, villainous; ^maleficus,^ wicked, criminal; ^malīgnus,^ wicked, spiteful; ^nocźns,^ wicked, culpable ^perditus, impius,^ abandoned, wicked; /noun/ ^impietās^ ^noxius,^ guilty; criminal ^nefārius,^ abominable, execrable, monstrous; ^obscźnus,^ shameless, revolting, immoral; ^probrōsus,^ shameful, vicious; ^prōflīgātus,^ vile, dissolute ^nźquam,^ worthless ^taeter,^ repulsive, abominable ^turpis,^ disgraceful; $sź turpiter gerere$, behave disgracefully ^foedus,^ dishonourable, shameful ^flāgitiōsus,^ infamous, dissolute ^impūrus,^ shameful, infamous ^barbarus,^ savage ^nocźns, reus, sōns,^ malefactor, criminal ^luźs, pestźs hominum,^ (social) pests ^scelus, verberō, furcifer,^ scoundrel ... ... /Dpn/ ^pecūniam adimere,^ rob ^fūr,^ thief; /verb/ ^fūrārī^ ^fūrtum,^ theft ^clepere,^ steal secretly ^latrō,^ robber, pirate, brigand; ^latrōcinium,^ robbery, piracy, brigandage; /verb/ ^latrōcinārī^ ^praedō,^ robber; ^praedārī,^ plunder, rob ^źreptor,^ robber ^grassātor, latrunculus,^ footpad ^rapīna,^ act of robbery; /P/ pillage ^raptum, praeda,^ plunder, booty ^dźspoliāre, dźpeculārī,^ rob, plunder; /noun/ ^dźpeculātor^ ^repetundae,^ extortion ^interceptor,^ embezzler ^pīrāta,^ pirate; /adj./ ^pīrāticus^ ... ... /Dpn/ ^vītam adimere^ /or/ ^auferre,^ /Acpn/ ^vītā prīvāre^ /or/ ^expellere,^ kill ^sīcārius, homicīda, interfector, percussor,^ assassin, murderer ^mors illāta per scelus,^ assassination ^parricīda,^ murderer of father or other relation; ^parricīdium,^ murder of a relation; ^frātricīda,^ murder of brother ^lźtum,^ violent death ^strangulāre,^ strangle ^venźnum, vīrus,^ poison; $v.[enźnum]$ /Dpn/ $dare, parāre, praebźre$ /or/ $īnfundere$, administer p.[oison]; /Acpn/ $venźnō tollere$ /or/ $venźnāre$, poison ^necāre,^ (e.g. $fame, venźnō$), kill (starve to death, poison) ^caedźs, nex, occīdiō, occīsiō,^ murder; /Dpn/ $necem īnferre$ /or/ $offerre$, murder; ^caedere, źnecāre, exanimāre, necāre, interficere, interimere, occīdere,^ slay, kill; $occīdiōne occīdere$, massacre, exterminate ^efflīgere,^ strike dead, kill ^sanguinem haurīre,^ shed blood ^iugulāre,^ cut the throat, kill ^obtruncāre, trucīdāre,^ butcher, cut to pieces *47.3 arrest, innocence, acquit, pardon* ^suspicārī,^ suspect ^querī,^ complain ^dźprendere,^ catch, find out; /noun/ ^dźprehźnsiō^ ^comprehendere in fūrtō,^ catch in the act of stealing ^convincere,^ convict (of crime or error) ^praemandāta^ /P/, warrant for arrest ^prehendere, comprehendere^ /Acpn/, arrest ^innocźns, insōns,^ innocent, guiltless; /noun/ ^innocentia^ ^sibi nūllīus culpae cōnscius,^ conscious of no guilt ^līber ā dźlictīs,^ free from crime ^castus,^ pure, innocent; /noun/ ^castitās^ ^carźre reprehźnsiōne,^ be blameless ^sānctimōnia,^ innocence ^nūllā meā culpā,^ through no fault of mine ^praetendere,^ put forward as an excuse ^absolvere, scelere solvere,^ acquit; $absolvitur fūrtī$ ^excūsāre,^ excuse; /noun/ ^excūsātiō^ ^pūrgāre,^ justify, excuse; /noun/ ^pūrgātiō^ ^venia,^ pardon ^multam, poenam remittere,^ remit ^īgnōscere,^ forgive ^condōnāre,^ pardon, refrain from punishing (a crime) ^satisfactiōnem accipere,^ accept an apology *47.4 fraud, deception* ^fraus,^ fraud; ^fraudāre, dźfraudāre,^ cheat, defraud, purloin, embezzle; /noun/ ^fraudātiō, fraudātor;^ /adj./ ^fraudulentus^ ^dolus,^ craft, deceit; $dolus malus$, fraud; /adj./ ^dolōsus^ ^māchina,^ trick, device; /verb/ ^māchinārī;^ /nouns/ ^māchinātiō, māchinātor^ /Acpn/ ^stratźgźmate percutere,^ defraud by a trick ^dissimulāre,^ dissemble, hide one's feelings ^latebra,^ pretence, subterfuge ^interpolāre,^ falsify ^dźcipere, circumvenīre, źlūdere, frūstrārī,^ /Dpn/ ^impōnere, verba dare,^ deceive, cheat ^dźstituere,^ deceive, mislead; /noun/ ^dźstitūtiō,^ deception ^circumscrībere,^ cheat, ensnare ^fingere, simulāre,^ feign, pretend; /noun/ ^fictiō,^ counterfeiting; ^simulātiō,^ deceit; ^simulātor,^ pretender, hypocrite ^in speciem,^ as a pretence; $praebźre speciem pūgnantium$, pretend to be fighting ^subterfugere^ (e.g. $mīlitiam$), escape (by trickery) ^fallere,^ lead astray; /adj./ ^fallāx,^ deceitful; /noun/ ^fallācia,^ stratagem, intrigue ^illicere, pellicere,^ allure, lead astray, decoy ^prōdere,^ betray; ^prōditor,^ traitor; ^prōditiō,^ treachery ^perfidus, īnfīdus,^ treacherous, false *47.5 confession, remorse, atonement* ^fatźrī, cōnfitźrī, āgnōscere,^ confess, own ^paenitet eum,^ he regrets, feels remorse for ^pudet eum,^ he feels ashamed, blushes for ^pudor,^ shame ^veniam petere^ /or/ ^poscere quod,^ apologise for ^expiāre, luere, poenās dare,^ make amends, atone for; /noun/ ^expiātiō^ ^piāculum,^ offering as atonement *47.6 conviction, punishment* ^coarguere,^ convict of guilt or crime ^damnāre, condemnāre,^ condemn; $capitis eum condemnat$, condemns him to death; $capitis damnātus est$, /nouns/ ^damnātiō, condemnātiō^ ^pūnīre, castīgāre,^ punish; /nouns/ ^pūnītiō, castīgātiō, castīgātor^ ^poena,^ penalty; $poenam capere dź$ /Abpn/, $petere$ /or/ $expetere ab$ /Abpn/, $repetere, sūmere dź$ /Abpn/, $statuere, poenā afficere$ /or/ $multāre$, exact or inflict a p., punish; $poenās pendere, dźpendere, solvere, persolvere, perferre, sufferre, luere$, suffer punishment; $poenās subīre$, submit to punishment, undergo sentence ^supplicium,^ punishment; $ultimum s.[upplicium]$, extreme penalty, capital punishment; $ad s.[upplicium] trādere$, hand over for p.[unishment]; $s.[upplicium] sūmere dź$ /Abpn/, $suppliciō afficere$, punish; $suppliciō afficī$, be put to death ^carnifex,^ executioner ^carnificīna,^ torture ^tortor,^ executioner, torturer ^animadvertere vitia in^ /Acpn/, punish ^ulcīscī^ (/Acpn/ ^prō scelere^), avenge, punish; ^ultor,^ avenger ^inultus,^ unavenged, with impunity ^vindex,^ avenger, punisher; /verb/ ^vindicāre^ ^impūne, impūnītź,^ without punishment, with impunity; /noun/ ^impūnitās;^ /adj./ ^impūnītus^ ^multa,^ fine; $multam committere$, incur f.[ine]; $multam$ /Dpn/ $irrogāre$, impose f.[ine]; $multam remittere$, remit f.[ine]; $multā coercźre$, punish with a fine; /verb/ ^multāre;^ /nouns/ ^irrogātiō multae, multātiō^ ^īgnōminia, īnfāmia,^ dishonour, disgrace; $īgnōminiam$ /Dpn/ $inūrere$, /or/ $īgnōminiā notāre$ /Acpn/, brand with dishonour ^vincīre,^ bind, fetter ^vinculum,^ bond, chain, fetter; $in vincula conicere$, put in prison; $vinculīs cōnstringere$, fetter ^compedźs,^ fetters, shackles ^pedica,^ shackle, chain for feet ^catźna,^ chain; $catźnās inicere$ /Dpn/, put in fetters ^carcer, cūstōdia,^ prison; $in carcerem$ (/or/ $vincula$) $conicere$ /or/ $dźmittere$, imprison; $ź$ /or/ $dź carcere źmittere$, release from p.[rison] ^arca,^ prison, cell ^cūstōdīre,^ keep under arrest ^vāpulāre,^ be flogged ^virga, ferula,^ rod; $virgīs caedere$, flog ^verbera,^ flogging; $castīgāre$ /Acpn/ $verberibus$, punish by flogging; ^verberāre,^ flog, chastise ^flagellum,^ scourge, whip; /verb/ ^flagellāre^ ^secūris,^ axe; $secūrī percutere$, behead ^crux,^ cross; $crucī affīgere$, crucify; /verb/ ^cruciāre^ QV: exile, 30.4 QV: law, 45 +48-50 SUNDRY GROUPS+ *48.1 take, hold, get* ^capere,^ take ^sūmere,^ take up ^dźprōmere,^ take or fetch out ^assūmere,^ adopt, take ^capessere, captāre,^ catch at ^arripere, corripere,^ pick up, snatch up ^intercipere,^ intercept; /noun/ ^interceptiō^ ^rapere, prehendere, apprehendere, comprehendere,^ seize, grasp; ^rapāx,^ grasping, rapacious; /noun/ ^rapācitās^ ^occupāre,^ seize, occupy ^arrogāre,^ claim as one's own ^appetere,^ try to get ^aspīrāre ad^ /Ac/, aspire to ^affectāre,^ seek, pursue ^assequī, cōnsequī, dźvenīre in^ /Ac or/ ^ad^ /Ac/, attain, reach ^attingere,^ touch ^nancīscī,^ reach, get ^acquīrere, adipīscī, apīscī,^ obtain, get; /noun/ ^adeptiō^ ^tenźre,^ hold; ^tenāx,^ gripping ^sustinźre,^ support, hold up *48.2 strike, shake, break* ^caedere, ferīre, percutere, quatere,^ strike, hit ^verbera^ /P/, flogging; ^verberāre,^ beat, scourge ^vāpulāre,^ be beaten ^mulcāre,^ beat, maul ^tundere,^ thump, beat ^plāga,^ blow; $plāgam īnfligere$, strike; $plāgam accipere$, be struck; ^plāgōsus,^ fond of flogging ^ictus,^ blow (that wounds) ^fūstis, clāva,^ cudgel, club ^pulsāre^ (e.g. $ōstium$), beat, knock at ^conculcāre, prōculcāre,^ crush under foot, trample on ^frangere, rumpere,^ break; ^frāgmen,^ fragment, splinter; ^fragilis,^ fragile ^cōnfringere,^ break in pieces ^quatere,^ shake ^quassāre, conquassāre,^ shake violently, shatter ^collīdere,^ dash together ^concutere,^ shatter, shake ^discutere,^ shatter *48.31 do* ^agere,^ do, act, negotiate; ^āctiō,^ acting, action; ^agitātiō,^ activity ^facere,^ do, make; ^factum, facinus,^ deed, action ^facessere,^ accomplish ^perficere,^ perfect, bring about ^exsequī,^ perform, fulfil ^suscipere,^ undertake ^agitāre^ /Actg/, ^versārī in^ /Abtg/, be engaged in, occupied with ^rźs gestae,^ deeds, achievements ^sź nōn tenźre,^ /or/ ^sź tenźre nōn posse,^ /or/ ^tenźrī nōn posse,^ /or/ ^sibi temperāre nōn posse, quīn^ /subj./, be unable to keep from doing *48.32 refrain, restrain* ^abstinźre^ /Ab/, ^temperāre ab^ /Ab/, abstain from ^absistere^ /Ab/, ^dźsistere^ /Ab/, ^supersedźre^ /Ab/, desist from, cease ^sź sustinźre, nź^ /subj./, refrain from doing ^parcere^ /Dtg/, desist from, refrain from ^dźtrectāre, recūsāre, abnuere,^ shrink from, decline or refuse to do ^cessāre,^ hang back (from something one has begun /or/ has to do) ^frźnum,^ restraint, check; $frźnōs adhibźre$, restrain; /verb/ ^īnfrźnāre, refrźnāre;^ /adj./ ^effrźnātus,^ unbridled ^tenźre, inhibźre, īnfringere, sustinźre, reprehendere, reprimere, restringere^ (/with Ac/), ^moderārī^ (/with D/), restrain, check; /noun/ ^inhibitiō^ ^coercźre, comprimere,^ restrain, repress, curb QV: unrestrained, 38.3 *48.33 agent, messenger* /Actg/ ^per^ /Acpn/ ^trānsigere,^ transact through someone ^trānsāctor,^ agent, negotiator ^interpres,^ agent ^minister^ (e.g. $sceleris$), tool ^allźgāre,^ send as agent or messenger ^lźgāre,^ send as ambassador; ^lźgātus,^ ambassador; ^lźgātiō,^ embassy ^nūntius,^ messenger ^servus ā pedibus, prodromus,^ messenger, courier *48.34 manage* ^administrāre,^ manage, superintend; /noun/ ^administrātiō^ ^prōcūrāre,^ manage; ^prōcūrātiō,^ management; ^prōcūrātor,^ manager, administrator ^praesidźre,^ manage, direct; ^praeses,^ director ^dispźnsāre,^ manage ^ōrdināre,^ regulate *48.4 example, model* ^exemplar, exemplum,^ example, model; $exemplum afferre$, adduce e.[xample]; $exempla sūmere$, select e.[xample]; /Actg/ $exemplō pōnere$, set as an e.[xample] ^specimen,^ pattern, model ^effigiźs,^ ideal *48.51 press, grind, crush* ^premere,^ press ^comprimere,^ press together ^supprimere,^ press down ^tundere, contundere,^ crush, bruise ^frangere,^ crush ^conterere,^ grind, pound *48.52 suppress, overwhelm, overthrow* ^comprimere, opprimere,^ crush, suppress ^obruere,^ overwhelm ^sternere, prōsternere, prōflīgāre, labefacere, labefactāre,^ overthrow *48.6 stretch* ^tendere,^ stretch, distend, extend ^intendere,^ extend ^extendere,^ stretch, spread out ^distendere,^ stretch out, distend ^praetendere, porrigere,^ stretch out, hold out, extend ^patźre, pertinźre,^ spread out, stretch (/intrans./) *48.7 cut, scrape* ^secāre,^ cut; ^sectiō,^ cutting ^succīdere,^ cut off, through or down ^incīdere,^ cut into ^culter,^ knife ^rādere,^ scrape ^scalpere,^ scratch, scrape *48.8 pierce* ^fīgere, cōnfīgere, trānsfīgere, cōnfodere, perfodere, trānsfodere,^ pierce ^percutere,^ pierce, strike through ^perforāre,^ make a hole through, pierce through ^trānsverberāre,^ pierce, thrust through ^trāicere,^ strike through, pierce *48.9 tight, loose* ^artus,^ tight, taut ^astringere,^ draw together ^laxus,^ loose, slack; /verb/ ^laxāre^ ^solvere, exsolvere, resolvere,^ loosen *49.1 custom, usual, unusual* ^mōs,^ custom; $perdūcere$ /Actg/ $in mōrem$, make customary; $mōrem tenźre, retinźre$ /or/ $servāre$, keep a c.[ustom] ^suźscere,^ become accustomed; /perf./ ^suźvī,^ am accustomed; ^suźtus,^ accustomed, usual ^assuźscere,^ grow or be accustomed; ^assuźtus,^ accustomed, used to; ^assuźfacere,^ accustom ^cōnsuźscere,^ accustom, accustom oneself; $cōnsuźvī$, am accustomed; ^cōnsuźtūdō,^ custom, habit; $cōnsuźtūdine$ /or/ $ex c.[ōnsuźtūdine]$ /or/ $prō c.[ōnsuźtūdine]$, habitually, from custom; $praeter cōnsuźtūdinem$, against one's c.[ustom]; $cōnsuźtūdinem referre$, restore a c.[ustom]; $in cōnsuźtūdinem venīre$, become a habit ^īnsuźscere,^ accustom, get accustomed ^īnsuźtus,^ accustomed /and/ unaccustomed to; unusual ^factitāre,^ be accustomed to do, do usually ^ut fit,^ as usually happens ^īnstitūtum,^ custom, tradition; $īnstitūtō suō$, in one's customary way ^solźre,^ be accustomed, wont; ^solitus,^ wonted, usual; ^solitum,^ what is usual, custom ^sollemnis,^ usual; ^sollemne,^ custom, practice ^inveterāscere,^ become fixed, established; ^inveterārī,^ be firmly established ^dźsuźscere,^ be or grow unaccustomed; /noun/ ^dźsuźtūdō^ ^exolźscere,^ pass out of use ^vulgāris,^ ordinary, common ^ūsitātus,^ usual, customary ^inūsitātus,^ unusual, extraordinary, rare ^īnsolźns,^ unusual, unaccustomed to; /noun/ ^īnsolentia,^ being unaccustomed; ^īnsolitus,^ unaccustomed, unusual ^inaudītus,^ unusual, strange ^rārus,^ rare, unusual ^singulāris,^ remarkable, rare, extraordinary ^novus,^ novel, singular ^extrāōrdinārius,^ extraordinary *49.2 suitable, fit, proper, unsuitable* ^commodus,^ fit, suitable, convenient; /noun/ ^commoditās^ ^aptus,^ suitable, fit, proper, capable of ^accomodātus, appositus,^ suitable, appropriate ^congruźns,^ appropriate ^capāx,^ capable of, fit for ^cōnsentāneus,^ becoming, proper; $cōnsentāneum est$ /with inf./, it is fitting ^habilis,^ suitable, convenient ^idōneus,^ proper, fit, suitable ^opportūnus,^ convenient, apt, favourable; /noun/ ^opportūnitās,^ favourable situation, time or circumstance ^convenit^ /with inf./, it is suitable ^pār^ /or/ ^fās est^ /with inf./, it is right, proper ^mātūrź,^ opportunely ^incommodus,^ unsuitable, inconvenient ^ineptus,^ unfitting, unsuitable ^importūnus,^ unsuitable QV: opportunity, occasion, 2.6 *49.3 correspond, agree, inconsistent* ^congruere cum^ /Abtg/, correspond or agree with ^quadrāre,^ fit into, square with ^respondźre,^ correspond, e.g. $paria paribus respondent$ ^cohaerźre,^ be consistent ^repūgnāre,^ be inconsistent with ^pūgnantia loquī,^ contradict oneself ^haec incōnstantissimź dīcuntur,^ these statements are very inconsistent *49.4 substitute* ^subdere,^ substitute; $fīlius subditus$, changeling ^substituere prō^ /Abpn or Abtg/, substitute ^suppōnere in locum^ /G/, substitute ^vicārius,^ substituted; /as noun/ substitute, deputy, proxy *50.1 await* ^exspectāre,^ look out for, await; /noun/ ^exspectātiō;^ $in exspectātiōne esse$, be expected; $praeter exspectātiōnem$, unexpectedly; $exspectātiōnem movźre, commovźre$ /or/ $concitāre$; $exspectātiōnem omnium vincere$, surpass all expectations ^opperīrī,^ wait, wait for ^inspźrātus, inexspectātus,^ unexpected ^praeter^ /or/ ^contrā opīniōnem, ex īnsperātō, dź trānsversō^ (e.g. $rogāre$), unexpectedly *50.2 necessary, inevitable* ^necesse est,^ it is necessary, inevitable; ^necessitās,^ necessity, compulsion; ^necessārius,^ necessary, inevitable; ^necessāriō,^ necessarily ^opus est,^ e.g. $mihi$, I must ^nōn possum nōn^ /inf./, ^facere nōn possum quīn^ /subj./, I must ^fierī nōn potest quīn^ /subj./, it is inevitable that *50.3 inform* ^certiōrem facere^ /Acpn Gtg or/ ^dź^ /Abtg or Ac and inf./, ^indicāre^ /Actg/, inform of ^impertīre,^ communicate, impart ^significāre,^ intimate ^afferre, referre,^ report, inform; $nihil novī ad nōs afferźbātur$, we received no news *50.4 make known, publish* ^vulgāre,^ spread about, make known ^dīvulgāre,^ publish, make widely known ^pervulgāre,^ make generally known ^prōmulgāre,^ publish; /noun/ ^prōmulgātiō^ ^in pūblicum prōpōnere,^ make known ^źmānāre^ (e.g. $in vulgus$), issue, be spread ^źnūntiāre,^ divulge ^praecō,^ herald, crier; ^praecōnium,^ publication *50.5 power, strength* ^vīs,^ force, power; $summā vī$, with all one's might ^revīrźscere,^ regain strength ^nervī^ /P/, vigour, strength; ^nervōsus,^ vigorous ^pollźre,^ be strong; ^pollźns,^ mighty, powerful ^vigźre,^ be vigorous; /noun/ ^vigor^ ^plūrimum posse,^ be most powerful ^potźns,^ powerful; ^potentia,^ power (/espec./ political); ^potestās,^ might, power, political power *50.6 contain, receptacle* ^continźre,^ enclose, contain ^inclūdere,^ enclose ^inesse^ /Dtg/, be contained in ^corbis, fiscina, quālus,^ basket; ^sportula, sportella,^ little basket (for food); ^cophinus,^ big basket; ^quasillum,^ wool basket ^saccus,^ sack, bag; ^rźticulum,^ network bag; ^culleus, follis^ (/dim./ ^folliculus^), leather bag ^arca^ (/dim./ ^arcula^), chest, box; ^cista^ (/dim./ ^cistella, cistellula, cistula^), box; ^capsa^ (/dim./ ^capsula^), box (for books); ^alabaster,^ box (for perfumes, unguents); ^pyxis,^ box (for unguents, medicine) ^armārium,^ cupboard ^horreum,^ storeroom, granary; ^cella penāria, oleāria, vīnāria,^ storeroom for provisions, oil, wine; ^apothźca,^ storeroom (/espec./ for wine); ^carnārium,^ larder QV: purse, 33.2 QV: receptacles for liquids, 29.8 QV: stables, 8.3